The 'Compensation Criterion' which says that state A is socially preferable to state B, if those who gain from the change can compensate the loosers and yet end up with surplus welfare gain is attributed to:
N. Kaldor
Kaldor’s criterion calls a change a potential welfare improvement when the gainers could compensate all losers and still retain a net gain. Actual payment of compensation is not required by the test.
What was one of the major characteristics of India's economy at the time of independence in 1947?