Understanding Active and Passive Voice Transformation

The question asks us to convert a sentence from active voice to passive voice. The given sentence is: "My friend hurt his knee during the football match."

Let's first identify the key components of the sentence:

• Subject: My friend (the one performing the action)
• Verb: hurt (the action)
• Object: his knee (the receiver of the action)
• Adverbial Phrase: during the football match (tells us when/where the action happened)

The sentence structure "Subject + Verb + Object" is characteristic of the active voice, where the subject performs the action.

Identifying the Tense

The verb is "hurt". "Hurt" is an irregular verb, and its base form, simple past form, and past participle form are all the same: hurt, hurt, hurt.

In the context "My friend hurt his knee during the football match", the phrase "during the football match" indicates a specific past event. Therefore, the verb "hurt" is used in the simple past tense.

Transforming Simple Past Active to Simple Past Passive

To transform a sentence from Simple Past Active voice to Simple Past Passive voice, we follow these steps:

1. Make the object of the active sentence the subject of the passive sentence.
2. Use the simple past form of the verb 'to be' (was/were) based on the new subject's number (singular/plural).
3. Use the past participle of the main verb from the active sentence.
4. (Optional) Include the original subject after "by" if it's important to mention who performed the action.
5. Keep any other parts of the sentence (like adverbial phrases).

Let's apply these steps to our sentence "My friend hurt his knee during the football match":

• New Subject: The object is "his knee". This becomes the new subject, often rephrased as "The knee of my friend". Since "knee" is singular, we use "was".
• Verb 'to be': was
• Past Participle of 'hurt': hurt
• Combining: was hurt
• Adverbial Phrase: during the football match
• Passive Sentence Structure: New Subject + was/were + Past Participle + (by + Original Subject) + Rest of the sentence.

So, the passive sentence will be "The knee of my friend was hurt during the football match". The original subject "by my friend" is often omitted in passive voice when the doer of the action is not important or is obvious.

Analyzing the Options for Passive Voice

Let's look at the given options and compare them to our derived passive sentence:

1. The knee of my friend had been hurt during the football match.

   This uses "had been hurt", which is the Past Perfect Passive tense. This does not match the simple past tense of the original sentence.

2. The knee of my friend was hurt during the football match.

   This uses "was hurt", which is the Simple Past Passive tense. This correctly matches the simple past tense of the original sentence.

3. The knee of my friend is hurt during the football match.

   This uses "is hurt", which is the Simple Present Passive tense. This does not match the simple past tense of the original sentence.

4. The knee of my friend has been hurt during the football match.

   This uses "has been hurt", which is the Present Perfect Passive tense. This does not match the simple past tense of the original sentence.

Based on the tense analysis and the transformation rules, Option 2 is the correct passive voice conversion of the given sentence.

Revision Table: Voice Transformation

Additional Information: When to Use Passive Voice

The passive voice is used in various situations:

• When the doer of the action is unknown or unimportant.
• When the action itself is more important than the person who performed it (common in scientific or technical writing).
• To maintain focus or coherence in a paragraph by making the topic the subject of the sentence.
• To avoid mentioning who is responsible for something (e.g., "Mistakes were made").

In the given sentence context, focusing on the injured knee might be more relevant than who hurt it, making the passive voice a suitable choice.