Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow. 
The use of plastic bags has been a contentious issue for many years. On one hand, they are convenient for carrying groceries and other items. On the other hand, they are a major contributor to pollution and can have devastating effects on the environment. One of the main causes of plastic bag pollution is their widespread use. They are given out for free at almost every store and are used for just a few minutes before being discarded. This means that there are billions of plastic bags in circulation at any given time, many of which end up as litter on streets, in parks, and in waterways. Another cause of plastic bag pollution is their slow degradation. Plastic bags can take up to 1,000 years to decompose, which means that they will continue to pollute the environment for centuries to come. This is especially problematic in oceans where they can harm marine life and damage ecosystems. The effects of plastic bag pollution are wide-ranging and can be devastating. They can harm wildlife and marine life, damage ecosystems, and even contribute to the spread of disease. Plastic bags that end up in oceans can be mistaken as food by marine animals, leading to starvation or suffocation. They can also entangle animals, making it difficult for them to move or escape predators. Plastic bags can also damage coral reefs, which are vital habitats for many species of marine life. In addition to harming wildlife, plastic bags can also affect human health. Plastic bags that end up in waterways can contaminate drinking water and food sources, leading to the spread of disease. They can also block drainage systems, causing flooding and other problems. To address the problem of plastic bag pollution, many cities and countries have implemented plastic bag bans or fees. These policies have been effective in reducing the use of plastic bags and in turn reducing pollution. Consumers can also take action by choosing to bring reusable bags when shopping, or by using paper bags instead of plastic bags. In conclusion, the use of plastic bags has severe consequences on the environment and human health. The cause of the problem is the widespread use and slow degradation of plastic bags, while the effects are wide-ranging and can be devastating. To mitigate these effects, individuals and governments can take actions such as implementing plastic bag bans, choosing to use reusable bags or paper bags instead of plastic bags.

Select the most appropriate ANTONYM of the given word.
Contaminate