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Question

Read the given statements and conclusions carefully. Assuming that the information given in the statements is true, even if it appears to be at variance with commonly known facts, decide which of the given conclusions logically follow(s) from the statements. 
Statements: 
All jams are bands. 
All bands are sacks. 
No sack is a can. 
Conclusions: 
(I) No jam is a can. 
(II) Some sacks are jams.

The correct answer is
Both conclusions (I) and (II) follow.

This question requires us to analyze logical statements and determine which conclusions can be drawn from them. We need to check the validity of two conclusions based on the provided premises.

Analyzing Statements on Jams, Bands, Sacks, and Cans

Let's break down the given statements:

  • Statement 1: All jams are bands.
    This means the category 'jams' is entirely contained within the category 'bands'. We can represent this as: If something is a jam, then it is a band. Mathematically, if $J$ represents the set of jams and $B$ represents the set of bands, then $J \subseteq B$.
  • Statement 2: All bands are sacks.
    Similarly, the category 'bands' is entirely contained within the category 'sacks'. If $S$ represents the set of sacks, this means $B \subseteq S$.
  • Statement 3: No sack is a can.
    This indicates that the categories 'sacks' and 'cans' are mutually exclusive; they have no members in common. If $C$ represents the set of cans, then $S \cap C = \emptyset$.

Evaluating Conclusion I: No jam is a can

We need to determine if it's necessarily true that no jam is a can, given the statements.

  • From Statement 1 ($J \subseteq B$) and Statement 2 ($B \subseteq S$), we can logically deduce that all jams are sacks ($J \subseteq S$). This is because if jams are within the band category, and the band category is within the sack category, then jams must be within the sack category.
  • Statement 3 tells us that no sack is a can ($S \cap C = \emptyset$).
  • Since all jams are a type of sack ($J \subseteq S$), and no sack can be a can, it logically follows that no jam can be a can. The set of jams is a subset of the set of sacks, which is disjoint from the set of cans. Therefore, the set of jams must also be disjoint from the set of cans ($J \cap C = \emptyset$).
  • Thus, Conclusion (I) logically follows from the statements.

Evaluating Conclusion II: Some sacks are jams

We need to check if it's necessarily true that some sacks are jams.

  • As established above, combining Statements 1 and 2 gives us $J \subseteq S$ (All jams are sacks).
  • The statement "All jams are sacks" implies that if the set of jams is not empty, then there exist members within the set of sacks that are also jams. In standard logical reasoning problems, categories like 'jams' are assumed to exist unless stated otherwise.
  • Therefore, there are indeed members of the set 'sacks' that are also members of the set 'jams'. This confirms that "Some sacks are jams".
  • Thus, Conclusion (II) logically follows from the statements.

Final Verdict on Conclusions

Based on the analysis:

  • Conclusion (I) logically follows from the premises.
  • Conclusion (II) logically follows from the premises.

Therefore, both conclusions (I) and (II) are valid deductions from the given statements.

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Important Questions from Syllogism

  1. Read the given statements and conclusions carefully. Assuming that the information given in the statements is true, even if it appears to be at variance with commonly known facts, decide which of the given conclusions logically follow(s) from the statements.

    Statements:

    Some students are players.

    All players are male.

    Conclusions:

    I. All males are players.

    II. Some males are students.

  2. Read the given statements and conclusions carefully. Assuming that the information given in the statements is true, even if it appears to be at variance with commonly known facts, decide which of the given conclusions logically follow(s) from the statements.

    Statements:

    No creative is an employer.

    All experts are creative.

    All workers are experts.

    Conclusions:

    I. No employer is an expert.

    II. No worker is an employer.

  3. Read the given statements and conclusions carefully. Assuming that the information given in the statements is true, even if it appears to be at variance with commonly known facts, decide which of the given conclusions logically follow(s) from the statements.

    Statements:

    Some actors are choreographers.

    All choreographers are producers.

    Not a single producer is a director.

    Conclusions:

    I. Some actors are directors.

    II. Not a single actor is a director.

  4. Read the given statements and conclusions carefully. Assuming that the information given in the statements is true, even if it appears to be at variance with commonly known facts, decide which of the given conclusions logically follow(s) from the statements.

    Statements : 

    1. All flowers are tulips.

    2. No tulips are whites.

    Conclusions :

    I. All tulips are flowers.

    II. Some tulips are whites.

  5. Read the given statements and conclusions carefully. Assuming that the information given in the statements is true, even if it appears to be at variance with commonly known facts, decide which of the given conclusions logically follow(s) from the statements.

    Statements:

    All rats are dogs.

    Some rats are hens.

    Conclusions:

    I. Some rats are dogs.

    II. Some hens are rats.

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