Assertion (A) : In pre - conventional stage children understand morality on the basis of social customs and values.
Reason (R) : In pre - conventional stage, children make decisions based on whether they will be rewarded or punished.
Analyzing Assertion (A): Pre-conventional Morality Basis
Assertion (A) states that in the pre-conventional stage, children understand morality based on social customs and values.
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the pre-conventional level (Stages 1 and 2) is characterized by a focus on external consequences, not internalized social norms. Understanding morality based on social customs and values is typical of the later *conventional* stage.
Therefore, Assertion (A) is false.
Analyzing Reason (R): Punishment and Reward Focus
Reason (R) states that in the pre-conventional stage, children make decisions based on whether they will be rewarded or punished.
This aligns perfectly with the two stages within Kohlberg's pre-conventional level:
- Stage 1 (Obedience and Punishment Orientation): Focus is on avoiding punishment.
- Stage 2 (Individualism and Exchange Orientation): Focus is on gaining rewards and satisfying personal needs.
Decisions are driven by the immediate consequences of actions.
Therefore, Reason (R) is true.
Conclusion
Since Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is true, the correct option is that (A) is false, but (R) is true.
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