Long term treatment of bipolar disorder with lithium carbonate can cause which of the following adverse effects ? 1. Weight loss 2. Hypothyroidism 3. Increased levels of parathyroid hormone 4. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Lithium Carbonate Adverse Effects in Bipolar Disorder
Long-term treatment of bipolar disorder with lithium carbonate can lead to several adverse effects. Analyzing the given options helps determine the correct combination:
- 1. Weight loss: Lithium carbonate is commonly associated with weight gain, not weight loss, due to effects on appetite and metabolism. Therefore, this statement is incorrect.
- 2. Hypothyroidism: Lithium inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis and release by interfering with iodine uptake and thyroid peroxidase activity. This can lead to hypothyroidism. This statement is correct.
- 3. Increased levels of parathyroid hormone: Lithium can stimulate the parathyroid glands, increasing the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). This can result in hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia. This statement is correct.
- 4. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: Lithium accumulates in the renal medulla and interferes with the kidney's response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to impaired water reabsorption and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). This statement is correct.
Based on the analysis, the adverse effects of long-term lithium carbonate treatment include Hypothyroidism (2), Increased levels of parathyroid hormone (3), and Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (4).
Therefore, the correct option includes statements 2, 3, and 4.
Important Questions from Bipolar Disorder
Which of the following are classified as mood-stabilising psychotropic drugs?
1. Lithium
2. Valproate
3. Lamotrigine
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
- Lithium carbonate is employed in the following conditions except:
- The mainstay treatment of bipolar disorders is:
Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists :
List I (Disease) List II (Drug) A. Bipolar disorder 1. Clomipramine B. Major depression 2. Clozapine C. Schizophrenia 3. Venlafaxine D. Obsessive compulsive disorder 4. Lithium Code :
- Lithium is the drug of choice for the treatment of
