Four cards lie on a table. Each card has a number printed on one side and a colour on the other. The faces visible on the cards are 2, 3, red, and blue. Proposition: If a card has an even value on one side, then its opposite face is red.
2, blue
Cards Verification: Understanding the Proposition
This question asks us to identify which cards must be turned over to verify a specific proposition. The proposition states: "If a card has an even value on one side, then its opposite face is red." This is a classic logic puzzle that tests understanding of conditional statements.
Proposition Analysis: If P, Then Q
Let's break down the given proposition into a standard conditional statement format:
- Let \(P\) be the condition: "A card has an even value on one side."
- Let \(Q\) be the result: "Its opposite face is red."
So, the proposition is: "If \(P\), then \(Q\)" (written as \(P \Rightarrow Q\)).
To verify such a statement, we need to look for situations that could potentially prove it false. A conditional statement \(P \Rightarrow Q\) is only false when \(P\) is true AND \(Q\) is false. In all other cases (P false, Q true; P false, Q false; P true, Q true), the statement holds true.
Examining Each Card for Verification
We are given four cards with visible faces: 2, 3, red, and blue. Let's analyze each one:
Card 1: Visible Face '2'
- What we see: The number 2.
- Analysis: The visible face '2' means that the condition \(P\) ("A card has an even value on one side") is true for this card.
- Verification needed: According to the proposition \(P \Rightarrow Q\), if \(P\) is true, then \(Q\) (the opposite face is red) must also be true. To verify this, we absolutely must turn over this card to check the color of its opposite face. If the opposite face is not red (e.g., it's blue), then the proposition is immediately proven false.
- Conclusion: We must turn over the card with '2'.
Card 2: Visible Face '3'
- What we see: The number 3.
- Analysis: The visible face '3' means that the condition \(P\) ("A card has an even value on one side") is false for this card, as 3 is an odd number.
- Verification needed: If \(P\) is false, the conditional statement \(P \Rightarrow Q\) is always considered true, regardless of what \(Q\) is. For example, "If it rains (false), then the sun shines (true)" is not a contradiction. Turning this card over to see its color (its \(Q\)) will not help us verify or falsify the proposition. Whether the other side is red or blue, the proposition still holds because the "even value" condition was not met.
- Conclusion: We do not need to turn over the card with '3'.
Card 3: Visible Face 'red'
- What we see: The color red.
- Analysis: The visible face 'red' means that the result \(Q\) ("Its opposite face is red") is true for this card.
- Verification needed: If \(Q\) is true, the conditional statement \(P \Rightarrow Q\) is always considered true, regardless of what \(P\) is. For example, "If it rains (true), then the ground is wet (true)" holds. "If it rains (false), then the ground is wet (true)" also holds. If we turn this card over, we might find an even number (P is true) or an odd number (P is false). In both cases, the proposition remains valid. We are only concerned if \(P\) is true and \(Q\) is false. This card's visible face already confirms \(Q\) is true.
- Conclusion: We do not need to turn over the card with 'red'.
Card 4: Visible Face 'blue'
- What we see: The color blue.
- Analysis: The visible face 'blue' means that the result \(Q\) ("Its opposite face is red") is false for this card.
- Verification needed: This is a critical case. The only way the proposition \(P \Rightarrow Q\) can be false is if \(P\) is true and \(Q\) is false. We already know \(Q\) is false (because the card is blue, not red). Therefore, to ensure the proposition is true, we must check that \(P\) (the number on the other side) is also false. In other words, the number on the other side must not be an even value. If we turn this card over and find an even number, it would immediately falsify the proposition.
- Conclusion: We must turn over the card with 'blue'.
Summary of Required Card Turns
To conclusively verify the proposition "If a card has an even value on one side, then its opposite face is red," we must turn over any card that could potentially violate this rule.
| Visible Card Face | Condition/Result Status | Reason to Turn Over? |
|---|---|---|
| 2 | \(P\) is true (even number) | YES, must check if \(Q\) (red) is true. If not, proposition is false. |
| 3 | \(P\) is false (odd number) | NO, if \(P\) is false, \(P \Rightarrow Q\) is always true, regardless of \(Q\). |
| red | \(Q\) is true (red color) | NO, if \(Q\) is true, \(P \Rightarrow Q\) is always true, regardless of \(P\). |
| blue | \(Q\) is false (not red) | YES, must check if \(P\) (even number) is false. If \(P\) is true, proposition is false. |
Based on this analysis, the cards that MUST be turned over are the one showing '2' and the one showing 'blue'.
Important Questions from Verbal Ability
What will fit in the blank taken from the passage. "Robert’s model made connections _______ the idea of an emotion circle and a color wheel."
Choose the synonym of the word 'anticipation'.
Choose the antonym of the word 'happiness'.
Which of the following is true according to the given passage:
I. The sensation of boredom is described as feeling weary because one is unoccupied or lacks interest in one's current activity or environment.
II. The freedom of self-concept is the window for boredom to arise.
III. The slow process of enlarging a hole by repetitive movements is called happiness.
What did Robert Plutchik created?
