Complete the concluding sentence of the following paragraph with one of the options given below:
In the 1960s, Jane Goodhall observed chimpanzees removing termites from hides with strapped twigs. Initially, researchers were unable to determine whether the animals viewed a group of tasks as a single problem requiring a general tool set or used individual tools to solve specific tasks. The question was finally resolved when chimps were observed selecting tools to carry with them in anticipation of particular difficulties. Research, therefore, concluded that not only are chimpanzees capable of using tools in a sophisticated way, but they ________
Understanding Chimpanzee Tool Use Findings
This question focuses on the conclusions drawn from Jane Goodall's groundbreaking observations of chimpanzees in the 1960s, specifically regarding their tool usage. The research highlighted a key aspect of chimpanzee intelligence related to how they interact with their environment using tools.
Analyzing Chimpanzee Tool Selection
Jane Goodall observed chimpanzees using tools, like modifying twigs to extract termites from hides. Initially, scientists debated whether this behavior indicated a general problem-solving approach with a versatile tool set or specific tools for specific tasks. The crucial finding that resolved this debate was observing the chimpanzees actively selecting tools to carry with them in anticipation of particular difficulties they expected to encounter.
Evaluating the Concluding Sentence Options
The research concluded that chimpanzees are not only sophisticated tool users but also possess a cognitive ability that aligns with this proactive selection of tools. Let's examine the options:
- Option 1: This option suggests species-specific innovation. However, the passage doesn't provide information comparing tool usage across different chimpanzee species.
- Option 2: This option mentions manufacturing tools for unfamiliar problems. While tool modification was observed, the core finding emphasizes anticipation of known difficulties, not necessarily novel problems.
- Option 3: This option states that chimpanzees "are capable of imagining future situations and adapting their behaviour accordingly." This directly matches the observation that they selected tools *in anticipation* of future difficulties. This anticipation implies an ability to mentally project into the future and prepare.
- Option 4: This option focuses on genetic predisposition for tool creation. The passage emphasizes behavioral observation and cognitive capability, not genetic factors influencing tool making.
Connecting Observation to Cognitive Ability
The act of choosing a tool beforehand for a specific, anticipated challenge demonstrates a level of foresight. It suggests the chimpanzees could mentally represent a future scenario (the difficulty) and select the appropriate means (the tool) to address it. This links directly to the cognitive skill of planning and adapting behavior based on projected future events.
Therefore, the most fitting conclusion to the paragraph is that chimpanzees possess the cognitive capacity to foresee potential situations and adjust their actions in response.
Important Questions from Reading Comprehension (Notes)
- Despite the thunderstorm, the old man remained seated on the porch, staring into the distance. Rain lashed the ground around him, but he didn't flinch. His eyes, cloudy with age, fixed on something far beyond the horizon - something only he could see. The storm was loud, but whatever echoed in his mind was louder.
What can be inferred about the man? Complete the concluding sentence of the following paragraph with one of the options given below:
Manufacturing companies are often faced with a trade-off between advances in productivity, which is one of the main goals of automation, and flexibility. When firms implement procedures that make repetitive processes more streamlined, they are able to produce more food at a faster rate. At the same time, however, ________Rearrange the following sentences to form a coherent and meaningful paragraph.
(A) The university president has proposed scheduling several introductory-level classes online in order to save money
on building maintenance and energy costs.
(B) The curriculum would not be changed.
(C) With recent cut backs in educational funding, the state university must reduce its expenditure or face bankruptcy.
(D) Students enrolled in these proposed 'virtual classrooms' would be taught the full programme by the same instructors teaching in the regular classrooms.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:Rearrange the following sentences to form a coherent and meaningful paragraph.
(A) Lack of knowledge about the diet is what makes people raise questions.
(B) This diet often characterized as restrictive, is associated with health benefits, however, it raises concerns.
(C) The Vegan diet has gained momentum in recent years.
(D) There is a controversy about this diet with some people supporting it and others questioning its benefits.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:Rearrange the following sentences into a logical and meaningful paragraph.
(A) A famous Japanese rock garden is at Ryoan-si in Northwest Kyoto, Japan.
(B) The rocks of various sizes are arranged on small white pebbles in five groups, each comprising five, two, three, two and three rocks.
(C) The garden is 30 meters long from East to West and 10 metres from North to South.
(D) The garden contains 15 rocks arranged out on surface of white pebbles in such a manner that visitors can see only 14 of them at once from whichever angle the garden is viewed.
(E) There are no trees, just 15 irregularly shaped rocks of varying sizes, some arranged by gravel that is raked everyday.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
