Who among the following argued that ‘Man is working species’ ?
Babeuf
Gracchus Babeuf (1760–1797), the French revolutionary egalitarian who led the ‘Conspiracy of the Equals’ (1796), built his social doctrine on the idea that man is by nature a working being.
In the doctrine of the Equals he declared that nature has imposed on every person the obligation to work, and that no one can exempt himself from labour without committing a crime against society.
Since all must work, he argued, all must share equally in the products of labour; private property and idleness were to be abolished in a community of goods and common labour. This makes labour the defining condition of man in his thought.
Montesquieu is known for the separation of powers and the influence of climate on laws; Hegel saw the essence of man in Spirit and self-consciousness; Gramsci developed the theory of hegemony and the role of intellectuals. None of them built a doctrine of man as a working species.
Hence, the answer is Babeuf.
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