Understanding the Extremist Movement in India

The early 20th century witnessed a significant shift in the Indian nationalist movement. While the early phase (Moderates) focused on constitutional methods, a more assertive group, known as the Extremists, gained prominence. This group believed in more direct action and self-reliance. Understanding the key events that propelled this shift is crucial.

Analyzing Causes for Extremist Movement Rise

The question asks for the immediate cause for the rise of the Extremist movement. Let's analyze the given options:

• The passing of the Rowlatt Act (1919): This Act, which allowed for special courts and detention without trial, certainly intensified nationalist sentiments and led to protests. However, the Extremist ideology and movement had already gained considerable ground well before 1919. Therefore, it was not the immediate cause for the rise of the movement itself.
• Partition of Bengal (1905): This event is widely regarded by historians as a major turning point. The decision by the British government to partition the large province of Bengal sparked widespread public anger and protests across India. This led to the Swadeshi and Boycott movements, which were largely spearheaded by leaders with more radical or extremist ideologies. The intensity and nature of the response significantly boosted the influence and visibility of Extremist leaders and their methods. This is considered the immediate catalyst for the consolidation and rise of the Extremist faction within the Indian National Congress.
• Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919): This horrific event, where British troops fired on unarmed civilians, deeply shocked the nation and fueled anti-British sentiment. However, like the Rowlatt Act, it occurred after the Extremist movement had already emerged and established itself, primarily catalyzed by the events of 1905.
• Arrest of Bal Gangadhar Tilak (1908): Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a prominent leader associated with the Extremist viewpoint. His arrest and subsequent imprisonment in 1908 were significant events that further galvanized nationalist feelings. However, the movement and the underlying issues that led to his prominence and arrest were already in motion, largely triggered by the Partition of Bengal in 1905. The arrest was more a consequence and a rallying point for an existing movement rather than its initial cause.

Conclusion on Immediate Cause

Based on the historical timeline and the nature of the nationalist response, the Partition of Bengal in 1905 stands out as the most significant and immediate cause that led to the intensification and rise of the Extremist movement in India. It provided the platform and the impetus for the Swadeshi and Boycott movements, which became the hallmark of this phase of the struggle.