Understanding Theories Related to Criminal Attempt

In the law of crimes, an 'attempt' refers to the specific intent to commit a crime coupled with an act that goes beyond mere preparation and is done in furtherance of that intent. Several legal theories help define when an act constitutes a criminal attempt.

Analysis of Theories in Relation to Attempt

Let's examine each theory mentioned:

• Proximity Theory: This theory is crucial in determining criminal attempt. It focuses on how close the defendant's actions were to completing the intended crime. The acts must be proximate, meaning they come dangerously near the commission of the substantive offense. If the defendant's conduct reaches a certain proximity to the crime, it can be considered an attempt.
• Theory of Impossibility: This theory addresses situations where a person intends to commit a crime, but the crime cannot be completed due to certain circumstances. It often distinguishes between factual impossibility (e.g., trying to steal from an empty pocket) and legal impossibility (e.g., attempting an act that the law does not prohibit). The analysis of impossibility is directly linked to whether the conduct constitutes a criminal attempt.
• Last Seen Theory: This theory is primarily used in criminal investigations, particularly in homicide cases. It helps establish a timeline by determining the last time the victim was seen and by whom. While it can be evidence in proving elements of a crime, it does not define or primarily relate to the concept of 'attempt' itself.
• Reformatory Theory: This theory concerns the goals of sentencing and punishment, emphasizing the rehabilitation and reformation of offenders. It focuses on changing the offender's behavior rather than the commission of the crime or the attempt itself. Therefore, it is not predominantly related to the legal concept of 'attempt'.

Conclusion on Theories of Attempt

Based on the analysis, the Proximity Theory and the Theory of Impossibility are the legal concepts predominantly related to defining and understanding criminal 'attempt'. The Proximity Theory assesses the closeness of the act to the completed crime, while the Theory of Impossibility examines whether unforeseen circumstances prevent the completion of the intended crime, which is a core issue in attempt cases.

Therefore, the theories predominantly related to 'attempt' are B (Proximity Theory) and C (Theory of Impossibility).