Intelligence Statements Analysis

This question asks to identify the statements about intelligence that are not true. Let's analyze each statement:

• Statement (a): Intellectual development is influenced by genetics, not environment.

  This statement is not true. Current understanding in psychology shows that intellectual development is a complex interplay between genetic factors (nature) and environmental influences (nurture). Environmental factors like education, nutrition, and upbringing significantly impact intellectual growth.

• Statement (b): Gender differences do not cause intellectual differences.

  This statement is generally considered true. While some studies might show minor average differences in specific cognitive abilities between genders, there is no scientific consensus that gender itself inherently causes significant overall intellectual differences. Environmental and social factors are often considered more influential.

• Statement (c): Sharp intelligence is a sign of sharp memory.

  This statement is not true. While memory is a component of cognitive function and often correlates with intelligence, it is not the sole determinant. Intelligence is a broader construct involving reasoning, problem-solving, abstract thinking, and adaptability. A person can possess sharp intelligence without having an exceptionally sharp memory, and vice versa.

• Statement (d): Intelligence gives the ability to adjust in new situations.

  This statement is true. Adaptability to new environments and challenges is a key characteristic defining intelligence across various theories.

Conclusion

Based on the analysis, statements (a) and (c) are not true regarding intelligence.

Final Answer

The statements that are not true are (a) and (c). Therefore, the correct option is the one that includes both (a) and (c).