Research Concepts Analysis

This solution breaks down each statement regarding core research concepts to determine the correct statements.

Statement A: Literal Replication

Literal replication involves repeating a study with the exact same procedures and conditions. This aims to verify if the original findings can be consistently reproduced. Therefore, the statement 'Literal replication involves the exact duplication of a previous analysis' is correct.

Statement B: Nominal Measurement Level

The nominal level is the most basic level of measurement, used for categorizing data without any inherent order (e.g., types of cars). Stronger levels include ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Thus, the statement 'The nominal level of measurement is the strongest form of measurement' is incorrect.

Statement C: External Validity

External validity refers to the extent to which the findings of a research study can be generalized to other situations, people, settings, and times. It addresses the applicability of the results beyond the specific sample and context studied. Therefore, the statement 'External validity refers to how well the results of a study can be generalized across populations, settings and time' is correct.

Statement D: Census Process

A census is a survey method that involves collecting data from every single member of a defined population. It is distinct from sampling, which uses a subset of the population. Hence, the statement 'The process of examining every member in a population is called census' is correct.

Statement E: Discrete Variable Definition

A discrete variable is a variable whose value is obtained by counting and can only take on a finite number of values. It cannot be meaningfully divided into smaller parts (e.g., the number of students in a class). Continuous variables, conversely, can take on any value within a range and can be divided into sub-parts (e.g., height). Therefore, the statement 'A discrete variable can be divided into sub-parts' is incorrect.

Conclusion: Correct Statements

Based on the analysis:

• Statement A is correct.
• Statement B is incorrect.
• Statement C is correct.
• Statement D is correct.
• Statement E is incorrect.

The correct statements are A, C, and D.

The correct option is A, C, D Only.