Which of the following are risk factors for the development of pancreatic cancer? 1. Cigarette smoking 2. Diabetes mellitus 3. Caucasian ethnicity 4. Male gender Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Pancreatic Cancer Risk Factors Explained
Understanding the factors that increase the likelihood of developing a disease is crucial for awareness and prevention. Certain elements are known to elevate the risk for pancreatic cancer.
Identified Risk Factors
Based on established research, the following are considered significant risk factors for pancreatic cancer:
- 1. Cigarette smoking: Smoking tobacco is a major and well-documented risk factor for pancreatic cancer, significantly increasing a person's chances of developing the disease.
- 2. Diabetes mellitus: Individuals with diabetes, particularly long-standing Type 2 diabetes, face a higher risk of pancreatic cancer compared to those without diabetes.
- 4. Male gender: Statistically, men have a slightly higher incidence rate of pancreatic cancer than women, indicating gender as a contributing factor.
Excluded Factor
While certain ethnic groups may show variations in incidence rates, factors like "Caucasian ethnicity" are often complex and influenced by other variables. Therefore, it's not typically listed as a primary, direct risk factor in the same category as smoking or diabetes for this specific question context.
Conclusion on Risk Factors
Considering the evidence, the combination of cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, and male gender represents the correct set of risk factors among the options provided.
Important Questions from Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery
- Which of the statements regarding Calot's triangle are correct?
1. Common hepatic duct forms the medial boundary of the Calot's triangle
2. Inferior surface of the right lobe of the liver forms the superior boundary of Calot's triangle
3. Right hepatic artery is usually found as a content of the Calot's triangle
4. Cystic duct and medial border of gall bladder forms the lateral border of Calot's triangle
Select the correct answer using the code given below: - CA 19-9 is a tumour marker used for the diagnosis of:
- The Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score includes which of the following variables ?
1. Serum bilirubin
2. Serum albumin
3. Serum creatinine
4. International Normalised Ratio (INR)
Select the correct answer using the code given below : - Which of the following are options for management of a pancreatic pseu- docyst?
1. Pancreaticoduodenectomy
2. Cystogastrostomy
3. Percutaneous drainage
4. Endoscopic drainage
Select the correct answer using the code given below : - Which of the following statements regarding hepatic adenomas are correct?
1. They are almost exclusively seen in females aged 25-50 years
2. They are associated with use of oral contraceptive pills
3. They do not have any malignant potential
4. Majority are detected incidentally on imaging
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
