(1) The Garcia Effect-Conditioned taste aversion
(2) Operant Conditioning-Elicited behaviour
(3) Classical Conditioning- emitted behaviour
(4) Shaping-Teaching animals new behaviour
Understanding Behavior Pairings in Psychology
This question asks us to identify the correct pairings between psychological concepts and their definitions or associated behaviors. Let's break down each option:
Analysis of Pairings:
-
Pairing (1): The Garcia Effect - Conditioned taste aversion
The Garcia Effect, discovered by John Garcia, describes how an organism learns to associate a specific taste (even if consumed long before) with an adverse physical reaction, like nausea or sickness. This leads to a strong aversion to that taste. Therefore, pairing the Garcia Effect with conditioned taste aversion is correct.
-
Pairing (2): Operant Conditioning - Elicited behaviour
Operant conditioning involves learning through consequences, where behaviors are either strengthened or weakened based on reinforcement or punishment. These behaviors are typically voluntary and *emitted* by the organism. Behaviors that are *elicited* (automatically triggered by a stimulus) are characteristic of classical conditioning. So, this pairing is incorrect.
-
Pairing (3): Classical Conditioning - Emitted behaviour
Classical conditioning, pioneered by Ivan Pavlov, involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a reflexive or automatic response. The response in classical conditioning is typically involuntary and *elicited* by the conditioned stimulus. Behaviors that are *emitted* (voluntary actions) are central to operant conditioning. Thus, this pairing is incorrect.
-
Pairing (4): Shaping - Teaching animals new behaviour
Shaping is a key technique in operant conditioning used to teach complex behaviors. It involves reinforcing successive approximations, or small steps, toward the desired final behavior. This method is widely used to train animals (and humans) to perform new actions. This pairing is correct.
Conclusion on Correct Pairings
Based on the analysis:
- Pairing (1) is correct.
- Pairing (4) is correct.
Therefore, the correctly paired items are (1) and (4).
Important Questions from Learning Theories and Instructional Strategies - Teaching
- The operant conditioning theory of Learning was proposed by
- Which of the following best illustrates the relationship between learning theories and instructional strategies for a large group in a formal setting?
- Match the items of List - I with the items of List - II. Select the correct response from the answer codes given below :Codes :
List - I List - II (a) Latent learning (i) Learning a response to terminate an aversive stimulus. (b) Cognitive learning (ii) Occurrence of learning is not evident in behaviour until later. (c) Escape learning (iii) A change in the way of processing informations as a result of experiences. (d) Avoidance learning (iv) Learning a response to avoid an aversive stimulus - Arrange the following stages of acquisition of skills as given by Seymour :
I. Learning the sequence of activities.
II. Using information more efficiently.
III. Structuring sensory-motor patterns.
IV. Determining the sensory channel for each item of activity.
V. Attaining the right set in the sensory channel.
VI. Diminishing conscious attention.
Codes : - The theory that emphasizes imitation or observational learning is called :
