Read the following passage and answer the questions given The political history of the early medieval period saw the proliferation of states and land grants. Land grants to Brahmans played a significant role in the legitimation of political power and had a significant impact on agrarian relations. There was an agrarian expansion in various parts of the subcontinent and rural societies became increasingly stratified. This was not a period of urban decay. This is most evident from South India where, crafts, cities, trade and trade guilds flourished. Trade links between the subcontinent, China and South-East Asia expanded significantly. Devotional worship was a marked feature of religious thought and practice. Temples functioned not only as sacred spaces but also as the core of urban centres and as political symbols. The patronage they attracted made them points of convergence of the activities and aspirations of diverse social groups. Significant development occurred in the cultural sphere including a range of texts in Sanskrit and vernacular languages. There were an efflorescence and refinement of temple architecture and sculpture, and distinct regional styles became apparent. During c. 600-1200 CE, the developments at the political, social, economic and cultural levels crystallized into distinct regional formations and patterns.
According to the passage, which consequences were associated with land grants to Brahmans?
(i) They buttressed the position of rulers.
(ii) They were associated with agrarian expansion.
(iii) Rural society became increasingly stratified.
(iv) Land grants to religious institutions and persons first began around 600 CE.
Choose the correct answer.
(i), (ii), (iii)
(i), (ii) and (iii). The passage connects the grants with political legitimacy, agrarian expansion and increasing social stratification. It does not date the origin of land grants to 600 CE; grants existed before this period, including under the Satavahanas and Guptas.
Important Questions from Trade guilds
In accounts of concessions encouraging merchants to settle in the kasbas of Marwar, exemption from which transit or sales levies facilitated trade?
(a) Sair-dam
(b) Muqata
(c) Mapa-dam
(d) Rahdari
Select the correct answer.The term 'early medieval' referred to here is indicated to have began around
- Match List - I with List - II.
List - I List - II Scholars Theories A. R.E. Park and E. Burgess I. Social Area Analysis B. Homer Hoyt II. Multi Centred model C. R.J. Johnston III. Sector theory D. C. Harris and E. Ullman IV. Concentric zone theory
Choose the correct answer from the options given below : - In the context of 'ghettos' and 'urban prosperity', the areas in decline are transformed into areas of prosperity. This process is called as ___________
