Champaran Satyagraha and the Tinkathia System
The question asks which movement or satyagraha led to the end of the Tinkathia System. This system was a notorious practice prevalent in the Champaran district of Bihar during the British colonial era.
Understanding the Tinkathia System
- The Tinkathia System mandated that tenant farmers lease land from landlords and cultivate indigo on at least $3/20^{th}$ of their total landholding.
- This system was highly exploitative, forcing farmers to grow indigo at prices dictated by the landlords, leaving them with little profit and often in debt.
- The farmers were also subjected to other illegal levies and abuses by the European planters who controlled the indigo factories.
The Champaran Satyagraha
The widespread discontent among the farmers against the Tinkathia System eventually culminated in a major peasant uprising.
- When: The Champaran Satyagraha took place in 1917.
- Who: It was led by Mahatma Gandhi, marking his first major success with Satyagraha in India. He was supported by prominent local leaders like Raj Kumar Shukla, Brajkishore Prasad, and Acharya Kripalani.
- Why: The primary goal was to address the grievances of the farmers regarding the oppressive Tinkathia system and other demands of the planters. Gandhi employed his philosophy of non-violent civil disobedience.
- Outcome: The movement was a significant success. The intense pressure from the Satyagraha forced the British authorities to investigate the issue. A committee was formed, and Gandhi was a member. The committee's findings validated the farmers' complaints, leading to the eventual abolishment of the Tinkathia System. The government reduced the indigo price, and farmers were freed from the obligation of cultivating indigo on $3/20^{th}$ of their land.
Analysis of Other Options
- Khilafat Movement: This was primarily a political movement launched by Muslims in India to protest the British government's treatment of the Ottoman Empire after World War I. It did not directly relate to agrarian issues in Champaran.
- Kheda Satyagraha: This movement, led by Mahatma Gandhi in Gujarat in 1918, focused on demanding remission of land revenue due to crop failure. While it was a peasant movement, it addressed different issues than the Tinkathia system.
- Ahmadabad Satyagraha: Also occurring in 1918, this was primarily a labour dispute concerning cotton mill workers in Ahmedabad seeking better wages and working conditions, led by Gandhi. It was not related to indigo farmers or the Tinkathia system.
Therefore, the Champaran Satyagraha is directly linked to the abolishment of the exploitative Tinkathia System.
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