Select the option that is related to the third term in the same way as the second term is related to the first term. FRONTIER : GSNOUHDS :: CLOSING : ?
Understanding Word Analogy and Letter Pattern
The question asks us to find the word that shares the same relationship with 'CLOSING' as 'GSNOUHDS' shares with 'FRONTIER'. This is a word analogy problem often found in logical reasoning sections.
Analyzing the FRONTIER : GSNOUHDS Relationship
Let's examine how each letter in 'FRONTIER' is transformed into the corresponding letter in 'GSNOUHDS'. We will look at the alphabetical position changes for each letter.
| Position | Letter in FRONTIER | Alphabetical Position | Letter in GSNOUHDS | Alphabetical Position | Difference (Shift) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | F | 6 | G | 7 | \(7 - 6 = +1\) |
| 2 | R | 18 | S | 19 | \(19 - 18 = +1\) |
| 3 | O | 15 | N | 14 | \(14 - 15 = -1\) |
| 4 | N | 14 | O | 15 | \(15 - 14 = +1\) |
| 5 | T | 20 | U | 21 | \(21 - 20 = +1\) |
| 6 | I | 9 | H | 8 | \(8 - 9 = -1\) |
| 7 | E | 5 | D | 4 | \(4 - 5 = -1\) |
| 8 | R | 18 | S | 19 | \(19 - 18 = +1\) |
The sequence of shifts is: +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -1, +1.
Let's observe the letters in 'FRONTIER' and their shifts:
- Consonants: F (+1), R (+1), N (+1), T (+1), R (+1). All consonants are shifted by \(+1\).
- Vowels: O (-1), I (-1), E (-1). All vowels are shifted by \(-1\).
The discovered rule is: Consonants are shifted one position forward in the alphabet (\(+1\)), and vowels are shifted one position backward in the alphabet (\(-1\)).
Applying the Pattern to CLOSING
Now, we apply this same rule to the word 'CLOSING'. We identify each letter as a consonant or vowel and apply the corresponding shift.
| Position | Letter in CLOSING | Type (Consonant/Vowel) | Rule Applied | Transformed Letter |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | C | Consonant | \(C \xrightarrow{+1} D\) | D |
| 2 | L | Consonant | \(L \xrightarrow{+1} M\) | M |
| 3 | O | Vowel | \(O \xrightarrow{-1} N\) | N |
| 4 | S | Consonant | \(S \xrightarrow{+1} T\) | T |
| 5 | I | Vowel | \(I \xrightarrow{-1} H\) | H |
| 6 | N | Consonant | \(N \xrightarrow{+1} O\) | O |
| 7 | G | Consonant | \(G \xrightarrow{+1} H\) | H |
Applying the rule to each letter of CLOSING results in the sequence of letters: D M N T H O H.
Thus, 'CLOSING' is related to 'DMNTHOH'.
Comparing with Options
Let's compare our derived word 'DMNTHOH' with the given options:
- DMNRHLH
- DMNTHOH
- DKNTJOH
- BMPTHOH
Our derived word 'DMNTHOH' matches Option 2.
Revision Table: Letter Shifting Patterns in Reasoning
| Pattern Type | Description | Example Rule |
|---|---|---|
| Fixed Shift | Each letter is shifted by a constant number of positions (e.g., all letters +3). | \(A \xrightarrow{+3} D\), \(B \xrightarrow{+3} E\) |
| Positional Shift | The shift amount depends on the letter's position in the word (e.g., +1 for 1st, +2 for 2nd, etc.). | \(L_1 \xrightarrow{+1} L'_1\), \(L_2 \xrightarrow{+2} L'_2\) |
| Alternating Shift | The shift alternates between two or more values (e.g., +1, -1, +1, -1...). | \(L_1 \xrightarrow{+1} L'_1\), \(L_2 \xrightarrow{-1} L'_2\) |
| Vowel/Consonant Shift | The shift depends on whether the letter is a vowel or a consonant (as seen in this problem). | Vowel \(\xrightarrow{-1}\), Consonant \(\xrightarrow{+1}\) |
| Reverse Order | Letters might be shifted and then the resulting word reversed. | WORD \(\xrightarrow{shift}\) SHIFTED \(\xrightarrow{reverse}\) DETFIHS |
Additional Information: Analogy Solving Tips
Solving word analogy problems requires identifying the specific relationship between the first pair of words or letter sequences. Here are some common types of relationships and tips:
- Letter Shifting: Look for consistent patterns of forward or backward movement in alphabetical positions (fixed, alternating, positional, vowel/consonant based).
- Reverse Order: Check if the word is reversed after applying a shift or other transformation.
- Skip Letter Patterns: The transformation might involve skipping a fixed number of letters in the alphabet.
- Position Swapping: Letters might swap positions within the word (e.g., 1st and 2nd letters swap, 3rd and 4th swap).
- Combination of Rules: Sometimes, problems combine multiple rules, such as shifting and reversing, or different rules for the first and second halves of the word.
- Alphabet Knowledge: Be comfortable with the alphabetical order and quickly determine the position and preceding/succeeding letters.
- Practice: Solving various types of analogy questions helps in recognizing patterns faster.
Important Questions from Letter Based
Select the option that is related to the third letter-cluster in the same way as the second letter-cluster is related to the first letter-cluster.
PDK : QFN :: SJQ : ?
Select the option that is related to the third term in the same way as the second term is related to the first term.
FASTER : AEFRST :: KINGDOM : ?
Select the option that is related to the third term in the same way as the second term is related to the first term.
PRACTISE : ACEIPRST :: TECHNOLOGY : ?
Select the option that is related to the third letter-cluster in the same way as the second letter-cluster is related to the first letter cluster.
RJB : TGF :: QPG : ?
Select the option that is related to the third word in the same way as the second word is related to the first word. (The words must be considered as meaningful English words and must not be related to each other based on the number of letters/number of consonants/vowels in the word.)
Ant ∶ Antling ∶ ∶ Deer ∶ ?
