Understanding the Question: Matching Scientists and Contributions

The question asks us to match renowned scientists with their groundbreaking contributions in the field of biology. We are given three scientists: Charles Robert, Gregor Johann, and J.B.S. Haldane, and three contributions: Origin of life on Earth, Theory of evolution, and Law of inheritance.

Identifying the Scientists and Their Contributions

Let's identify the full names of the scientists mentioned and recall their key contributions:

1. Charles Robert: This most likely refers to Charles Robert Darwin. He is famous for proposing the theory of evolution by natural selection. His work, particularly from his voyage on the HMS Beagle, laid the foundation for modern evolutionary biology.
2. Gregor Johann: This refers to Gregor Johann Mendel. Known as the "father of modern genetics," he conducted experiments with pea plants that led to the formulation of the fundamental laws of inheritance.
3. J.B.S. Haldane: John Burdon Sanderson Haldane was a British scientist who made significant contributions to genetics and evolutionary biology. He is also well-known for his work on the origin of life, particularly the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis, which proposed that life arose gradually from inorganic molecules.

Matching the Pairs

Based on the identified scientists and their contributions, we can create the following matches:

• Charles Robert (Darwin) is associated with the Theory of evolution.
• Gregor Johann (Mendel) is associated with the Law of inheritance.
• J.B.S. Haldane is associated with the Origin of life on Earth.

Creating the Final Match

Mapping the Roman numerals to the Arabic numerals as provided in the question and options:

• I. Charles Robert → 2. Theory of evolution
• II. Gregor Johann → 3. Law of inheritance
• III. J.B.S. Haldane → 1. Origin of life on Earth

This gives us the matching sequence: I – 2, II – 3, III – 1.

Conclusion

The correct match is I – 2, II – 3, III – 1.

Revision Table: Key Scientists and Contributions

Additional Information on Biological Discoveries

Understanding the work of these scientists provides context for major shifts in biological thought:

• Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution: Proposed that species change over time through a process of natural selection, where organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. This challenged prevailing views and provided a mechanism for the diversity of life.
• Gregor Mendel's Laws of Inheritance: Discovered the basic principles of heredity by studying traits in pea plants. His work showed that traits are passed down through discrete units (now known as genes) and followed predictable patterns, laying the groundwork for genetics.
• J.B.S. Haldane and the Origin of Life: Along with Aleksandr Oparin, Haldane independently proposed a hypothesis suggesting that life could have arisen spontaneously from inorganic substances under the conditions of early Earth's atmosphere and oceans. This hypothesis is a cornerstone of abiogenesis research.