Match List I with List II List I (Summit/Protocol) List II (Year) Choose the correct answer from the options given below:A. Montreal Protocol I. 1992 B. Rio Summit II. 2015 C. Kyoto Protocol III. 1987 D. Paris Agreement IV. 1997
A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
Matching Environmental Protocols and Summits to Years
The question requires us to match key international environmental agreements and summits with the year they were established or held. Let's correctly identify the year for each item listed.
- Montreal Protocol: This is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS). It was agreed upon on 16 September 1987.
- Rio Summit: Officially known as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), this landmark conference took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. It led to the creation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Convention on Biological Diversity.
- Kyoto Protocol: This international treaty extended the UNFCCC and set binding emission reduction targets for developed countries. It was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997, and entered into force in 2005.
- Paris Agreement: This is a legally binding international treaty on climate change. It was adopted by 196 parties at the COP 21 in Paris on 12 December 2015, and entered into force on 4 November 2016.
Based on these facts, we can make the following matches:
- Montreal Protocol (A) matches with 1987 (III).
- Rio Summit (B) matches with 1992 (I).
- Kyoto Protocol (C) matches with 1997 (IV).
- Paris Agreement (D) matches with 2015 (II).
This gives us the combination A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II.
Let's summarise the matching in a table:
| List I (Summit/Protocol) | List II (Year) | Match |
|---|---|---|
| Montreal Protocol (A) | 1987 (III) | A-III |
| Rio Summit (B) | 1992 (I) | B-I |
| Kyoto Protocol (C) | 1997 (IV) | C-IV |
| Paris Agreement (D) | 2015 (II) | D-II |
The correct pairing is A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II.
Revision Table: Key Environmental Agreements and Years
Reviewing the years of these important environmental milestones is crucial for environmental studies.
| Agreement/Summit | Year Adopted/Held | Primary Focus |
|---|---|---|
| Montreal Protocol | 1987 | Phasing out ozone-depleting substances |
| Rio Summit (UNCED) | 1992 | Sustainable development, climate change (UNFCCC), biodiversity |
| Kyoto Protocol | 1997 | Greenhouse gas emission reduction targets for developed countries |
| Paris Agreement | 2015 | Global climate change mitigation, adaptation, and finance (limit warming to <2°C) |
Additional Information on Environmental Summits and Protocols
Understanding the context and outcomes of these meetings provides deeper insight into global environmental governance.
- The Montreal Protocol is widely regarded as a major success story in international environmental cooperation.
- The Rio Summit paved the way for several ongoing international environmental conventions and initiatives.
- The Kyoto Protocol introduced mechanisms like emissions trading and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
- The Paris Agreement marked a shift where all countries, developed and developing, committed to contributing to climate action through Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
Important Questions from Miscellaneous
A stone is thrown horizontally from the top of a 20 m high building with a speed of 12 m/s. It hits the ground at a distance R from the building. Taking g = 10 m/s2 and neglecting air resistance will give :
A sphere of volume V is made of a material with lower density than water. While on Earth, it floats on water with its volume f1V (f1 < 1) submerged. On the other hand, on a spaceship accelerating with acceleration a < g (g is the acceleration due to gravity on Earth) in outer space, its submerged volume in water is f2V. Then:
A railway wagon (open at the top) of mass M1 is moving with speed v1 along a straight track. As a result of rain, after some time it gets partially filled with water so that the mass of the wagon becomes M2 and speed becomes v2. Taking the rain to be falling vertically and the water stationery inside the wagon, the relation between the two speeds v1 and v2 is :
Consider the following statements:
1. Distance between the longitudes becomes zero on North Pole and South Pole.
2. Distance between the longitudes is maximum on the Equator.
3. Number of longitudes is more than number of latitudes.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
One block of 2⋅0 kg mass is placed on top of another block of 3⋅0 kg mass. The coefficient of static friction between the two blocks is 0⋅2. The bottom block is pulled with a horizontal force F such that both the blocks move together without slipping. Taking acceleration due to gravity as 10 m/s2, the maximum value of the frictional force is :
