Matching Research Variables: List I and List II

This solution explains the correct matching between the variable types in List I and their descriptions in List II, commonly encountered in research design.

• A. Independent variable in true experimental design matches II. Control variable. In experimental research, the independent variable is the factor that the researcher manipulates or controls to observe its effect. While typically distinct from 'control variables' (which are kept constant), in this context, the independent variable is the one under the researcher's direct control.
• B. Dependent variable matches I. Outcome variable. The dependent variable is what is measured in an experiment; it's the outcome expected to change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
• C. Intervening variable matches IV. Stands between independent variable and dependent variable. Intervening variables, also known as mediators, occur sequentially between the independent and dependent variables, influencing the relationship between them.
• D. Confounding variable matches III. Spurious variable. A confounding variable is an external influence that can distort the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, potentially leading to a false or spurious conclusion about causality.

Therefore, the correct matching is A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III.