Analyzing Assertion (A) and Reason (R)

Assertion (A): The statement asserts that independent variables are manipulated by researchers to observe their impact on dependent variables. This is a fundamental concept in experimental research, defining the role of the independent variable as the factor being changed or controlled.

Reason (R): The statement claims that independent variables lead to the prediction of hypothesized extraneous variables. In experimental design, careful manipulation and control of the independent variable help in isolating its effect and also aid in identifying and predicting potential extraneous variables that could influence the outcome.

Evaluating the Statements and Relationship

• Statement Assessment: Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are considered true within the context of experimental research design. Assertion (A) correctly defines the purpose of manipulating independent variables. Reason (R) highlights a consequence of controlled manipulation – the ability to better predict and manage extraneous variables.
• Explanation Assessment: Reason (R) serves as a correct explanation for Assertion (A). By manipulating independent variables, researchers create controlled conditions. This controlled environment allows for a more accurate prediction and understanding of how extraneous variables might interact or be excluded, thus clarifying the specific effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. The prediction of extraneous variables is a direct outcome of the controlled manipulation described in (A).

Conclusion

Since both statements are true and Reason (R) correctly explains Assertion (A), the appropriate option is that both are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Correct Option: Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).