Match List – I with List – II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the list. Codes : P Q R SList – I List – II (Concept) (Characteristics) P. Scientific Realism 1. Argument against analyticity Q. Falsification 2. Challenging assumptions R. Dogmas of empiricism 3. Problem of demarcation S. Critical perspective 4. Theories as true
4 3 1 2
P. Scientific Realism → 4: scientific realists hold that mature, successful theories are (approximately) true descriptions of the world, including unobservable entities such as electrons.
Q. Falsification → 3: Karl Popper proposed falsifiability as the solution to the problem of demarcation, that is, separating science from non-science; a theory is scientific only if it can in principle be refuted by observation.
R. Dogmas of empiricism → 1: in ‘Two Dogmas of Empiricism’ (1951) W. V. O. Quine argued against the analytic–synthetic distinction (analyticity) and against reductionism.
S. Critical perspective → 2: a critical perspective, as in critical theory and critical psychology, involves challenging the taken-for-granted assumptions behind knowledge and practice.
The matching is therefore P–4, Q–3, R–1, S–2.
Hence, the answer is 4 3 1 2.
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