Insect Pest Control Methods Analysis

The question asks to identify the methods used for controlling insect pests from the given options.

Evaluating Control Methods:

• Insecticides: These are chemical substances specifically designed to kill or repel insects. They are a widely used method for insect pest control.
• Pheromones: Insects use pheromones for communication. Synthetic pheromones can be used in traps to lure and capture pests, aiding in monitoring or mass trapping, thus controlling their population.
• Juvenile Hormones: These hormones regulate insect growth and development. Disrupting their function or mimicking them inappropriately can prevent insects from reaching maturity or reproducing, serving as a control method.
• Nitrophosphate: This is a type of nitrogenous fertilizer used in agriculture to provide nutrients to plants. It does not have a direct role in controlling insect pests.

Conclusion on Pest Control:

Based on the analysis, insecticides (a), pheromones (b), and juvenile hormones (c) are all valid methods for controlling insect pests. Nitrophosphate (d) is not.

Therefore, the correct option includes (a), (b), and (c) only.