(I): A valid deductive argument that also has all true premises is called a sound argument
(II): A strong inductive argument that has all true premises is called a cogent argument
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below
Understanding Sound Deductive Arguments
Statement (I) defines a sound argument. In logic, a deductive argument aims to provide premises that guarantee the truth of the conclusion. Such an argument is called valid if it's structured such that if all the premises were true, the conclusion would have to be true.
However, validity only concerns the structure. For a deductive argument to be sound, it must meet two conditions:
- The argument must be valid (the conclusion logically follows from the premises).
- All of the argument's premises must be true in reality.
Therefore, the statement 'A valid deductive argument that also has all true premises is called a sound argument' is a correct definition.
Understanding Cogent Inductive Arguments
Statement (II) defines a cogent argument. An inductive argument, unlike a deductive one, aims to provide premises that make the conclusion likely or probable, but not guarantee it. Such an argument is called strong if its premises provide good evidence for the conclusion, making it probable.
For an inductive argument to be considered cogent, it must meet these conditions:
- The argument must be strong (the premises make the conclusion probable).
- All of the argument's premises must be true.
Thus, the statement 'A strong inductive argument that has all true premises is called a cogent argument' is also a correct definition.
Conclusion on Argument Validity
Based on the analysis of both statements:
- Statement (I) accurately defines a sound deductive argument.
- Statement (II) accurately defines a cogent inductive argument.
Since both statements provide correct definitions for their respective types of arguments, the most appropriate choice is that both I and II are correct.
Important Questions from Assertion and Reasons (Notes)
- Assertion(a): Rift valley represents a trough, depression or basin between two crustal parts.
Reason(r):Rift valley is a major relief feature resulting from faulting activities. - Assertion(A): The term suburban is used on a large scale and the residential areas lying within the rural-urban fringe are recognised as suburbans.
Reason(R): The people living in the urban clusters call themselves suburban dwellers. - Assertion and Reasoning Type
Assertion(A): After the II world war, lot of industries in Japan were developed in the coastal region.
Reasoning(R): The recovery of the industrialization after world war II in Japan was without a domestic raw material and export market in mind. - Assertion (A): Connectivity index expresses the number of links in a network as a ratio of the maximum number of links possible.
Reason (R): Higher values of the index indicate low level of connectivity and vice versa. - Assertion (a): Possibilism is a theory in Geography that argues human beings can overcome environmental constraints through ingenuity and technology.
Reason (r): Vidal - de - la - Blache is credited with developing the concept of Possibilism.
