Understanding the agricultural practices of the ancient Harappan civilization is crucial for studying their economy and way of life. The question asks us to evaluate three statements related to evidence of ploughing found at various Harappan sites.

Analyzing Harappan Agricultural Evidence Statements

Let's break down each statement to determine its accuracy based on archaeological findings related to the Harappan civilization:

• Statement 1: Terracotta models of the plough have been found at sites in Cholistan and at Banawali (Haryana).

  Archaeological excavations have indeed unearthed terracotta models of the plough from several Harappan sites. Prominent locations where these models have been discovered include Banawali in Haryana, India, and sites in Cholistan, Pakistan. These findings are considered strong evidence that the Harappans were familiar with and used the plough for agriculture.

  This statement is correct.

• Statement 2: There is evidence of a ploughed field at Kalibangan associated with the mature phase of the Harappan civilization.

  Kalibangan, located in Rajasthan, India, is another significant Harappan site. Excavations at Kalibangan revealed the remains of an ancient ploughed field. This field dates back to the early Harappan phase (sometimes considered pre-Harappan) but its use extended into the mature Harappan period. The discovery provides direct evidence of agricultural activity involving ploughing.

  This statement is correct, as evidence of ploughed fields is found at Kalibangan, associated with periods including the mature Harappan phase.

• Statement 3: The ploughed field at Kalibangan had two sets of furrows crossing at right angles to each other suggesting two different crops were grown together in it.

  The ploughed field discovered at Kalibangan is particularly noteworthy because of its layout. The furrows were found to be running in two directions, oriented roughly east-west and north-south, creating a grid pattern with lines crossing each other at right angles. Archaeologists interpret this criss-cross pattern as evidence of sowing two different crops simultaneously in the same field, possibly using different spacing or techniques for each crop. This suggests a sophisticated understanding of crop management, potentially related to maximizing yield or practicing intercropping.

  This statement is correct.

Conclusion on Harappan Ploughing Evidence

Based on the analysis of each statement, all three points accurately reflect the archaeological evidence related to ploughing and agricultural practices during the Harappan civilization. Terracotta plough models confirm the tool's existence, the ploughed field at Kalibangan confirms its use, and the specific pattern of that field suggests advanced farming techniques like intercropping.

Therefore, statements 1, 2, and 3 are all correct.

Revision Table: Harappan Agricultural Findings

Additional Information on Harappan Agriculture

Besides ploughing, the Harappans cultivated a variety of crops including wheat, barley, pulses, peas, sesame, lentils, chickpea, and mustard. Cotton cultivation was also known to them. While evidence suggests plough use, the exact nature of the plough (whether wood or stone tipped) is not fully clear from the models. Irrigation methods likely included using natural floods, canals, and possibly reservoirs, though direct evidence for large-scale irrigation systems is less abundant compared to Mesopotamia or Egypt. Animal husbandry, including cattle, sheep, goat, and buffalo, was also an integral part of their economy, providing food, milk, and possibly labour for agriculture.