(a) Transformational model
(b) Motivation - Hygiene Model
(c) Theory X and Theory Y
(d) Path - Goal Model
Understanding Leadership Theories Timeline
To arrange the given leadership theories in chronological order, we need to know when each theory was primarily developed or introduced.
Theory X and Theory Y
Developed by Douglas McGregor, Theory X and Theory Y were introduced in his 1960 book, The Human Side of Enterprise. This theory discusses two contrasting views of human motivation in the workplace.
- Approximate Period: Early 1960s
Motivation-Hygiene Model
Also known as the two-factor theory, the Motivation-Hygiene Model was developed by Frederick Herzberg based on research conducted in the late 1950s and published around 1959. It distinguishes between factors causing job satisfaction and dissatisfaction.
- Approximate Period: Late 1950s - Early 1960s
Path-Goal Model
Robert House developed the Path-Goal Model of leadership, which builds upon expectancy theory. This theory was first proposed in 1971.
- Approximate Period: Early 1970s
Transformational Leadership Model
While the concepts were discussed earlier, the formal theory of Transformational Leadership was significantly developed by James MacGregor Burns in 1978 and later expanded by Bernard M. Bass in the 1980s.
- Approximate Period: Late 1970s - 1980s
Chronological Arrangement
Based on these timelines, the chronological order of the theories is:
- Theory X and Theory Y (c) - Early 1960s
- Motivation-Hygiene Model (b) - Late 1950s/Early 1960s (Often considered alongside or slightly preceding Theory X/Y in broader discussions, but McGregor's book was 1960, Herzberg's research findings often cited from 1959 onwards)
- Path-Goal Model (d) - Early 1970s
- Transformational Leadership Model (a) - Late 1970s/1980s
Therefore, the correct chronological order is c, b, d, a.
Important Questions from Approaches to Leadership
The following statements relate to value based organisations. Choose the correct code for the statements being correct or incorrect.
Statement I: People differ in their choice of values, the enforcement of one group's value on an individual is an ethical issue. Still there is a good deal of commonality in the values that businesses hold.
Statement II : Ethical codes are statements of the norms and beliefs of an organisation which are proposed, discussed and defined by the management of the firm which is then published and distributed.
Which of the following statements are applicable to value-based pricing concept?
A. Design product to deliver desired value at target price
B. Set target price to match customer perceived value.
C. Determine costs that can be incurred.
D. Convince buyers of product's value.
E. Assess customer needs and value perceptions.
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
Match List I with List II
List I : Leadership style List II : Leadership behaviour A. Developer I. Delegation of responsibility with firm accountability B. Benevolent Autocratic II. Respecting collective commitment and team efforts C. Bureaucratic III. Expressing professional concern for subordinates D. Executive IV. Adherence to rules and procedures Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
________ is concerned with good and bad aspects of human behaviour.
A group is a _______ of different personality :
