I. GABA
II. Glutamic acid
III. Glycine
IV. Kainic acid
Codes :
Chemical Brain Stimulation Agents
To determine which substances can chemically stimulate a brain area, we need to understand the primary function of each listed chemical in the central nervous system.
Substance Function Analysis
- I. GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid): Primarily acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, reducing neuronal excitability.
- II. Glutamic acid (Glutamate): The principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, increasing neuronal excitability.
- III. Glycine: Primarily acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, particularly in the spinal cord and brainstem.
- IV. Kainic acid: An agonist for certain glutamate receptors (kainate receptors). It is known to be strongly excitatory and can induce neuronal damage (excitotoxicity), indicating a potent stimulatory effect.
Identifying Stimulatory Choices
Based on the analysis, the substances primarily associated with chemical stimulation (excitation) are:
- Glutamic acid (II): The major excitatory neurotransmitter.
- Kainic acid (IV): A potent excitatory agent and glutamate receptor agonist.
Therefore, the pair of substances suitable for chemically stimulating a brain area consists of Glutamic acid and Kainic acid.
Conclusion
The correct combination representing chemical brain stimulation agents is II and IV.
Important Questions from System Physiology Animal
Which one of the following synaptic vesicles (as observed under transmission electron microscope) contains catecholamines?
Blood hemostasis is the interplay of several intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Deficiency of some of the blood clotting factors and their clinical manifestations are listed below.
Factors
Manifestations
A.
V
i.
Hageman trait
B.
VII
ii.
Hypoconvertemia
C.
IX
iii.
Hemophilia B
D.
XII
iv.
Parahemophilia
Which one of the following options represents all correct matches?
Columns X and Y list the terms associated with gametogenesis and fertilisation.
Column X
Column Y
A
Primordial germ cells
i
Luteinizing hormone
B
Dictyate resting stage
ii
Posterior epiblast
C
Sodium channels
iii.
Male pronuclei
D
Protamines
iv
Block polyspermy
Which one of the following options represents all correct matches?
Nephrons are structural and functional units of the kidneys. Certain statements are made below about structure and function of a nephron.
A. P cells of the collecting duct are involved in Na+ reabsorption and vasopressin-stimulated water reabsorption.
B. P cells of the collecting duct are concerned with acid secretion and HCO3- transport.
C. I cells of the collecting duct are concerned with acid secretion and HCO3- transport.
D. The total length of the nephrons including collecting ducts ranges from 45 to 65 mm.
Which one of the following options has all correct statements?
The non-ciliated cuboidal epithelial cells in bronchioles that secrete important defense markers are called
