Adoption of ‘sunset law’ by the English East India Company meant:
If there was default in revenue payments by sunset of the specified date, the zamindar was liable to be auctioned
Understanding the Sunset Law under the East India Company
The question asks about the meaning of the ‘sunset law’ adopted by the English East India Company. This law was a key feature of the land revenue system implemented by the Company in British India, specifically as part of the Permanent Settlement in Bengal in 1793.
Context: Permanent Settlement of 1793
Lord Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement, a major land revenue reform, in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. Under this system, zamindars were recognized as the owners of the land, not just revenue collectors. They were required to pay a fixed amount of revenue to the East India Company by a specific date.
What was the 'Sunset Law'?
The ‘sunset law’ was a crucial and strict provision of the Permanent Settlement. It enforced the deadline for the zamindars' revenue payment. If a zamindar failed to pay the stipulated revenue amount by sunset of the specified date, the East India Company had the right to auction off their zamindari (land) to recover the outstanding amount.
This law was very harsh and led to many zamindaris being sold off, especially in the initial years of the Permanent Settlement, as zamindars found it difficult to collect revenue from cultivators and meet the fixed, high demands of the Company on time.
Analyzing the Options
Let's examine the given options in the context of the 'sunset law':
- 1. High revenue collection: While the Permanent Settlement aimed for stable and potentially high revenue collection for the Company, 'high revenue collection' itself is an outcome or goal, not the definition of the 'sunset law'. The 'sunset law' was the mechanism to ensure timely payment of that potentially high revenue.
- 2. If there was default in revenue payments by sunset of the specified date, the zamindar was liable to be auctioned: This statement precisely describes the core provision of the 'sunset law'. It links default by a specific deadline (sunset) to the consequence (auctioning of the zamindari).
- 3. Rise of a class of Jotedars: The Permanent Settlement and its strict demands, including the 'sunset law', did contribute indirectly to changes in rural society and the rise of intermediaries like Jotedars in some areas, but this was a consequence or a related social change, not the definition of the 'sunset law' itself. Jotedars were rich peasants who sometimes bought land auctioned due to zamindar default.
- 4. Emergence of collectorate: The Collectorate system existed prior to and alongside the Permanent Settlement, being the administrative unit responsible for revenue collection. The 'sunset law' was a rule implemented *within* this system and the Permanent Settlement framework, not the cause of the 'emergence of the collectorate'.
Based on the historical context and the analysis of the options, the most accurate meaning of the ‘sunset law’ is the strict rule regarding revenue payment deadlines and the consequence of default.
The Correct Explanation
The 'sunset law' was a key feature of the Permanent Settlement (1793) introduced by the English East India Company. It mandated that if a zamindar failed to pay the due land revenue by sunset on the specified date, their rights over the zamindari estate would be forfeited, and the estate could be auctioned off by the Company to recover the arrears. This law put immense pressure on the zamindars to ensure timely collection and payment.
| Term | Description | Relation to Sunset Law |
|---|---|---|
| Sunset Law | Strict deadline for revenue payment by zamindars. Default led to auction of zamindari. | Is the law itself. |
| Permanent Settlement | Land revenue system establishing zamindars as landowners with fixed revenue. | The framework within which the Sunset Law operated. |
| Zamindar | Recognized landowner responsible for paying revenue under Permanent Settlement. | Subject to the Sunset Law. |
| Jotedar | Rich peasant/landholder, sometimes benefiting from the distress caused by the Sunset Law. | Social change influenced by the system including the Sunset Law. |
| Collectorate | Administrative unit for revenue collection. | The system administering the revenue collection and auctions under the Sunset Law. |
Conclusion
The ‘sunset law’ was a direct and strict rule implemented by the English East India Company under the Permanent Settlement. It specifically dealt with the consequence of non-payment of land revenue by the zamindars by a particular deadline. Therefore, the option that accurately describes this consequence is the correct meaning.
Revision Table: East India Company Land Revenue
| System | Year/Period | Area | Key Features |
|---|---|---|---|
| Permanent Settlement | 1793 | Bengal, Bihar, Orissa | Zamindars as owners, fixed revenue, Sunset Law. |
| Ryotwari Settlement | Early 19th Century | Madras, Bombay, Assam | Direct settlement with cultivators (Ryots), variable revenue. |
| Mahalwari Settlement | Early 19th Century | North-Western Provinces, Central India, Punjab | Settlement with village communities (Mahals) or groups of villages. |
Additional Information: Impact of the Sunset Law
The strict enforcement of the Sunset Law had several significant impacts:
- It led to the breakup of many old zamindari families who could not meet the revenue demand, especially in times of poor harvest or low prices.
- It created a new class of zamindars who often bought the auctioned lands. These new landlords sometimes had less connection to the tenants and were primarily interested in extracting revenue.
- It drove zamindars to pressure the cultivators (ryots) for timely rent payments, often leading to hardship for the peasants.
- The fixed revenue demand initially benefited the Company, especially as agricultural prices rose later, but it meant the Company did not share in the increased prosperity from the land.
The 'sunset law' is a vivid example of the East India Company's focus on maximizing revenue collection through rigid rules, which had profound socio-economic consequences in colonial India.
Important Questions from Colonialism and the Countryside
Which Government set up a commission of enquiry to investigate into the causes of the Deccan Riots?
Arrange the following in a chronological manner:
A. Permanent Settlement was introduced in Bengal.
B. English East India Company acquires ‘Diwani’ of Bengal.
C. Santhal Revolt in Rajmahal hills.
D. First revenue settlement was started in Bombay Deccan.
E. Ryots rebelled in Deccan villages.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Read the passage and answer the question:
Who were these hill folk? Why were they so apprehensive of Buchanan's visit? Buchanan’s journal gives us tantalising glimpses of these hill folk in the early nineteenth century. His journal was written as a diary of places he visited, people he encountered, and practices he saw. It raises questions in our mind, but does not always help us answer them. It tells us about a moment in time, but not about the longer history of people and places. For that, historians have to turn to other records.
Which of the following is false?
Read the passage and answer the question:
Who were these hill folk? Why were they so apprehensive of Buchanan's visit? Buchanan’s journal gives us tantalising glimpses of these hill folk in the early nineteenth century. His journal was written as a diary of places he visited, people he encountered, and practices he saw. It raises questions in our mind, but does not always help us answer them. It tells us about a moment in time, but not about the longer history of people and places. For that, historians have to turn to other records.
Buchanan's survey gives glimpses of hill folks during which century?
Read the passage and answer the question:
Who were these hill folk? Why were they so apprehensive of Buchanan's visit? Buchanan’s journal gives us tantalising glimpses of these hill folk in the early nineteenth century. His journal was written as a diary of places he visited, people he encountered, and practices he saw. It raises questions in our mind, but does not always help us answer them. It tells us about a moment in time, but not about the longer history of people and places. For that, historians have to turn to other records.
Who were the 'hill folk' referred in the passage above?
