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Question

According to Carvaka materialism:

This question was previously asked in
MH SET 2025 Paper 2 Sociology Question Paper (15-Jun-2025)
The correct answer is

Consciousness emerges from matter

The Carvaka or Lokayata school accepts only the four gross bhutas - prthvi, ap, tejas and vayu - as ultimate reality. Consciousness (caitanya) is not admitted as a separate substance or an eternal soul, but neither is it denied outright.

The classical Carvaka position, preserved in the Tattvopaplavasimha and the doxographies, is that consciousness is an emergent quality that arises when the four elements combine in the particular proportion that constitutes a living body, much as the intoxicating power arises from fermented ingredients that individually lack it.

Hence, the correct option is consciousness emerges from matter.

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