Identifying the Frontier Gandhi: Who was Abdul Gaffar Khan?

The question asks about the person known by the title "Frontier Gandhi". This title was given to a prominent leader who followed the principles of non-violence, similar to Mahatma Gandhi, and worked extensively in the North-West Frontier Province of British India (now mostly in Pakistan).

Let's examine the options provided:

• Md. Ali Jinnah: Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a lawyer, politician, and the founder of Pakistan. He was a key leader of the All-India Muslim League. He is not known as the "Frontier Gandhi".
• Abdul Gaffar Khan: Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was a Pashtun independence activist against British rule. He was a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi and adopted non-violent methods for his struggle in the North-West Frontier Province. He founded the Khudai Khidmatgar (Servants of God) movement. Due to his adherence to non-violence and his work in the frontier region, he was widely known as the "Frontier Gandhi" or "Bacha Khan" (King Khan).
• Mahatma Gandhi: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi is known as the Father of the Nation in India and is the leader who pioneered the philosophy of Satyagraha (non-violent resistance). The title "Frontier Gandhi" was given to someone else based on their work and principles similar to his.
• Sardar Patel: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was an Indian statesman who served as the first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister of independent India. He played a key role in integrating the princely states into India. He is known as the "Iron Man of India". He is not the "Frontier Gandhi".

Based on historical facts and the titles associated with these leaders, the person known as the "Frontier Gandhi" is Abdul Gaffar Khan.

Revision Table: Key Leaders and Titles

Additional Information: The Khudai Khidmatgar Movement

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan's movement, the Khudai Khidmatgar (Servants of God), was a significant part of the Indian independence struggle, particularly in the North-West Frontier Province. Key aspects include:

• It was founded in 1929.
• Its members wore distinctive red shirts, earning them the nickname "Red Shirts".
• The movement was committed to non-violent resistance against British rule, inspired by the principles of Mahatma Gandhi.
• It had a large following among the Pashtun people.
• Despite facing severe repression from the British, the movement remained steadfast in its non-violent approach.

Understanding the context of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement helps explain why Abdul Gaffar Khan earned the title "Frontier Gandhi". His dedication to peace and independence in a region often associated with tribal conflict mirrored Gandhi's nationwide efforts.