Durkheim's Distinction: Simple vs. Industrial Societies

Sociologist Emile Durkheim distinguished between different types of societies based on the nature of social solidarity.

He identified two primary forms of solidarity:

• Mechanical Solidarity: Found in simple societies (e.g., tribal or traditional communities). Solidarity arises from shared beliefs, values, and experiences, creating a strong collective conscience. Individualism is minimal.
• Organic Solidarity: Characterizes industrial societies. Solidarity stems from the interdependence created by a high degree of specialization and division of labor. Individuals are distinct and rely on others due to their specialized roles.

Durkheim argued that as societies evolve from simple to complex industrial ones, the basis of social solidarity shifts from mechanical to organic.

Therefore, Emile Durkheim is the sociologist who made this distinction.