Understanding the Earlier Chera Dynasty's Territory

The question asks about the states ruled by the earlier Chera dynasty. To answer this, we need to recall the historical geography of ancient South India.

Who were the Earlier Cheras?

The Chera dynasty was one of the principal dynasties of the Sangam Age in South India, along with the Cholas and the Pandyas. They played a significant role in the political, economic, and cultural life of the region.

Geographical Location of the Earlier Chera Kingdom

Historical records, literature (particularly Sangam literature), and archaeological evidence indicate that the earlier Chera kingdom was primarily located in the western part of South India. This region included parts of present-day Kerala and the Kongu region of Tamil Nadu.

Their capital cities varied over time, but important centers included Vanchi Mutur (often identified with Karur or Thiruvanchikulam) and Muziris (a major port, likely near modern-day Kodungallur).

Analyzing the Options

Let's examine each option in the context of the historical location of the earlier Cheras:

• A. Tamil Nadu and Kerala: This option aligns well with historical evidence. The core territories of the earlier Cheras were in present-day Kerala and parts of western Tamil Nadu (like the Kongu region).
• B. Bengal and Orissa: These states are located in Eastern India. The dynasties that ruled here in ancient times were distinct from the Cheras, such as the Mauryas (covering a vast area), various regional kingdoms like Kalinga, and later dynasties like the Palas or Senas. This region is far from the traditional Chera homeland.
• C. Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim: These states are located in the northeastern part of India. This region was historically inhabited by various tribal groups and was politically distinct from the South Indian kingdoms like the Cheras.
• D. Maharashtra and Gujarat: These states are located in Western India. While these regions had important ancient dynasties like the Satavahanas and the Western Satraps, their territory was separate from the Chera kingdom in the south.

Conclusion

Based on historical understanding, the earlier Chera dynasty ruled over regions that correspond mainly to present-day Kerala and parts of Tamil Nadu. Therefore, Option A accurately represents the territory of the earlier Cheras.

Revision Table: Ancient Indian Dynasties & Territories

Additional Information on Chera History

The history of the Chera dynasty is broadly divided into two main periods:

• The Earlier Cheras (Sangam Age): Flourished from around the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE. They are extensively mentioned in Sangam literature. Key rulers included Uthiyan Cheralathan, Nedum Cheralathan, and Senguttuvan. They controlled important ports like Muziris and Vanchi, participating in lucrative trade with the Roman Empire.
• The Later Cheras (Kulasekharas): Emerged much later, around the 8th century CE, ruling from Mahodayapuram (modern Kodungallur). This dynasty lasted until the 12th century CE.

The question specifically refers to the "earlier Chera dynasty", pointing to the Sangam Age period and their traditional territory.