Understanding M. N. Srinivas's Definition

The question asks for the term defined by sociologist M. N. Srinivas to describe the changes in Indian society and culture caused by approximately 150 years of British rule.

M. N. Srinivas and Societal Change

M. N. Srinivas is a renowned Indian sociologist known for his significant contributions to understanding social change in India. He identified specific processes shaping Indian society during the colonial and post-colonial periods.

Analyzing the Options

• Colonisation: Refers to the establishment of control by one power over a dependent area or people. While relevant to the context of British rule, it doesn't specifically describe the *cultural and societal changes* as defined by Srinivas.
• Sanskritisation: A concept coined by Srinivas himself, describing the process where lower castes adopt the customs and practices of higher castes, particularly Brahmins, to improve their social status. This is an internal social mobility process.
• Brahminisation: Similar to Sanskritisation, focusing specifically on the adoption of Brahmin rituals and practices.
• Westernisation: This term, as defined by M. N. Srinivas, precisely refers to the "changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule." It encompasses the adoption of Western ideas, technology, values, and institutions.

Conclusion

Based on M. N. Srinivas's specific definition, the changes resulting from British rule in India are termed Westernisation.

Correct Answer: Option D: Westernisation