Which one of the following explains the practice of 'Vattakirutal' as mentioned in Sangam poems?
A king defeated in a battle committing ritual suicide by starving himself to death
Understanding 'Vattakirutal' in Sangam Period
The question asks about the meaning of 'Vattakirutal' as described in ancient Sangam poems. Sangam literature is a rich source of information about life, culture, and practices in the Tamil region during that period. Let's explore what 'Vattakirutal' refers to.
Exploring the Practice of 'Vattakirutal'
Based on interpretations of Sangam texts, 'Vattakirutal' was a specific ritualistic practice. It involved a king who had been defeated in battle choosing a particular way to end his life rather than live in defeat. This was seen as an honorable way to depart for a warrior-king.
The practice typically involved:
- A king suffering a significant defeat in warfare.
- Instead of surrendering or fleeing, the king would decide to undertake a ritual fast.
- This fasting was usually done unto death.
- It was considered a brave and honorable act, upholding the warrior's code of honor.
- The term 'Vattakirutal' itself suggests a vow or a commitment leading to death, often through starvation or severe self-denial after defeat.
Analyzing the Options
Let's look at the provided options and see which one aligns with the understanding of 'Vattakirutal':
| Option | Description | Relation to 'Vattakirutal' |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kings employing women bodyguards | This practice, sometimes mentioned in history (e.g., by Greek writers about Indian rulers), is not known as 'Vattakirutal' in Sangam literature. |
| 2 | Learned persons assembling in royal courts to discuss religious and philosophical matters | Assemblies of scholars and poets existed in Sangam courts (like the Sangams themselves), but this scholarly activity is not called 'Vattakirutal'. |
| 3 | Young girls keeping watch over agricultural fields and driving away birds and animals | Agricultural practices and roles are described in Sangam literature, but this specific task is unrelated to the term 'Vattakirutal'. |
| 4 | A king defeated in a battle committing ritual suicide by starving himself to death | This directly matches the historical and literary understanding of 'Vattakirutal' as an honorable death chosen by a defeated king. |
Based on the analysis of the options and the meaning of 'Vattakirutal' derived from Sangam poems, the fourth option accurately describes this practice.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect
Options 1, 2, and 3 describe different aspects of life or potential practices that might have existed in ancient India or even the Sangam period, but they do not correspond to the specific term 'Vattakirutal'. 'Vattakirutal' is distinctly associated with the martial code of honor followed by kings, particularly in the face of military defeat.
The Significance of 'Vattakirutal'
'Vattakirutal' highlights the importance placed on honor and valor for Sangam age kings and warriors. Rather than facing the humiliation of defeat or potential capture, a king might choose this extreme form of ritual suicide to preserve his dignity and uphold his status as a brave leader even in death.
Revision Table: Key Concepts
| Term | Description | Context |
|---|---|---|
| Vattakirutal | Ritual suicide by starvation committed by a defeated king. | Sangam Period, Martial Code of Honor |
| Sangam Literature | Ancient Tamil literature (c. 300 BCE to 300 CE) comprising Ettuttokai (Eight Anthologies) and Pattupattu (Ten Idylls). | Source of information on Sangam society, culture, and practices. |
| Martial Code | Rules and customs related to warfare, honor, and bravery among warriors. | Prominent theme in Sangam poems about kings and battles. |
Additional Information: Sangam Period Practices
The Sangam period is known for its detailed portrayal of various aspects of life, including warfare, love, administration, and social customs. Poems like Puranauru provide insights into the lives of kings and warriors and their code of conduct. Besides 'Vattakirutal', other practices related to warfare and honor are mentioned, such as the celebration of victories, the mourning of fallen heroes, and the treatment of enemies.
The concept of 'honor' (மானம் - manam) was central to the warrior class. Defeat was considered a grave dishonor, and some kings chose death over dishonor, as exemplified by the practice of 'Vattakirutal'. This reflects a cultural emphasis on bravery and the pursuit of glory even in the face of overwhelming odds.
Important Questions from Sangam Age
Consider the following statements about merchant guilds of South India:
1. The Ayyavole merchant guild was originally established in Aihole.
2. Manigraman merchant guild was subordinated to the Anjuvannam merchant guild in the 13 th century.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?The Tamil word 'muvendar' mentioned in the Sangam poems means ________.
Name the location of the musical inscription containing groups of musical notes arranged for the benefit of his pupils by a king in the seventh or eighth century CE.
With reference to ancient South India, Korkai, Poompuhar, and Muchiri were well-known as
Which of the following Sangam ports were situated on the western coast? Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
1. Korkai
2. Puhar
3. Tondi
4. Mushiri
