Which of the following statements about switching techniques are true? (a) Circuit switching, packet switching, and message switching are three classical switching techniques used in communication networks. (b) In conventional circuit switching, the connection is established without reserving transmission capacity along its path during setup. (c) Basic best-effort datagram packet switching does not require prior reservation of a dedicated end-to-end circuit; packets share link capacity and use buffering resources as needed. Choose the correct answer:
(a) and (c) only
Only (a) and (c) are true. Circuit, packet, and message switching are classical switching techniques. Conventional circuit switching reserves capacity along a path during connection setup, so (b) is false. Basic best-effort datagram switching shares resources on demand without a dedicated end-to-end circuit. Packets still consume bandwidth, buffer space, and processing resources; absence of advance circuit reservation does not mean absence of resource allocation.
Important Questions from Data Link Layer
If a file consisting of 50,000 characters takes 40 seconds to send, then the data rate is ______
Which one of the following functionality is not performed by data link layer?
- It is necessary to design a link-layer protocol between two hosts that are directly connected over a lossless link of length 3000 kilometers. Assume that the link bandwidth is $10^8$ bits per second and that the propagation delay in the link is 5 nanoseconds per meter. Every transmitted data byte is assigned a unique sequence number.
Let $N$ be the minimum number of bits needed for the sequence number field in the protocol header such that
i. the sequence numbers do not wrap around before 60 seconds, and
ii. the maximum utilization of the link is achieved.
The value of $N$ is ______. (answer in integer) In a LAN environment, switches improve network efficiency primarily by:
Which of the following protocols is responsible for converting higher level protocol addresses to physical network addresses?
