Impact of Science and Technology on Military Affairs

The question asks about the impact of science and technology on military affairs and presents three statements. We need to evaluate each statement to determine which one(s) correctly describe this impact.

Let's analyze each statement:

1. Statement I: Long range missiles, aircraft and submarines have reduced the significance of physical location as a determinant of the vulnerability of a nation.
   • This statement is evaluating how advanced military technologies like long-range missiles, aircraft, and submarines affect a nation's vulnerability.
   • Historically, geography and distance provided natural defenses. However, with the development of weapons that can strike targets thousands of miles away, the physical location or distance from a potential adversary becomes less of a protective factor.
   • A nation's vulnerability is increasingly determined by its ability to defend against these long-range attacks, rather than just its geographical isolation.
   • Therefore, this statement accurately reflects an impact of science and technology on military affairs.
2. Statement II: It provides a striking demonstration of the effort of changes in military technology on international relations.
   • Military technology advancements have historically had a profound impact on international relations.
   • Developments like nuclear weapons, stealth technology, or cyber warfare capabilities can shift the balance of power, lead to arms races, influence alliances, and change diplomatic strategies between nations.
   • The pursuit and possession of advanced military technology are often central to a nation's foreign policy and its interactions with other countries.
   • Thus, this statement also accurately describes an impact of science and technology on military affairs and its consequence on international relations.
3. Statement III: It increases the friendship between two nations.
   • While cooperation in military technology or joint defense efforts can sometimes occur between friendly nations, the primary and general impact of science and technology on military affairs is not necessarily increased friendship.
   • Technological advancements can also lead to increased competition, suspicion, arms races, and even conflict between nations as they seek military advantage.
   • Increased friendship is a political outcome that depends on many factors, and technological advancements in military affairs are just one component, often with a dual potential for cooperation or rivalry.
   • Therefore, this statement is not a universally applicable or primary impact of science and technology on military affairs.

Based on the analysis, statements I and II correctly describe significant impacts of science and technology on military affairs and international relations, while statement III does not represent a general or primary outcome.

Thus, both statements I and II are correct.