Understanding Learning Theories and Psychologists

This question asks us to identify the incorrect pairing between a learning theory and the psychologist most closely associated with it. Let's examine each option:

• Sign theory of learning - Tolman: Edward Tolman developed the Sign Theory of Learning, also known as Purposive Behaviorism. His experiments, particularly with rats in mazes, led to concepts like cognitive maps and latent learning. This is a correct pairing.
• Field theory of learning - Lewin: Kurt Lewin is known for his Field Theory, which emphasizes that an individual's behavior is determined by their life space or psychological field, which includes the person and their environment. He used the formula B = f(P, E) where B is behavior, P is the person, and E is the environment. This is a correct pairing.
• Social learning theory - Bruner: Jerome Bruner is a cognitive psychologist known for his work on cognitive development, particularly his theories on modes of representation (enactive, iconic, symbolic) and the concept of scaffolding and the spiral curriculum in education. The Social Learning Theory, which emphasizes learning through observation, imitation, and modeling, is primarily associated with Albert Bandura. Therefore, this is an incorrect pairing.
• Trial and Error theory - Thorndike: Edward Thorndike formulated the theory of Trial and Error learning, based on his experiments with cats in puzzle boxes. This theory led to the development of the Law of Effect, Law of Exercise, and Law of Readiness, which were foundational to behaviorism. This is a correct pairing.

Based on the analysis, the incorrect pair is Social learning theory - Bruner.