Understanding the Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)

The Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) is a composite index developed by the Overseas Development Council in 1979, aiming to measure the quality of life within a country. It focuses on basic human needs and social welfare outcomes rather than solely economic growth.

Analysis of PQLI Indicators

The question asks which of the following indicators are used to calculate the PQLI:

• I. Infant mortality rate: This measures the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births. A lower infant mortality rate indicates better healthcare, nutrition, and sanitation. This is a key component of the PQLI, with a lower rate contributing positively to the index.
• II. Life expectancy at age one: This measures the average number of years a newborn infant is expected to live, assuming current mortality patterns continue. While PQLI typically uses 'Life Expectancy at Birth', 'Life expectancy at age one' is closely related and reflects the survival and health conditions within a country. A higher life expectancy indicates better overall health and well-being. This is also considered a component contributing to the PQLI.
• III. Standard of living (income per capita): This refers to the average income per person in a country. While income is important for development, the PQLI specifically focuses on non-economic indicators of well-being. Standard of living, often measured by GDP per capita or GNP per capita, is a primary component of other indices like the Human Development Index (HDI) but is *not* a direct component of the PQLI calculation. The PQLI prioritizes direct measures of physical well-being over economic output.

Determining Correct PQLI Components

Based on the analysis:

• Infant mortality rate (I) is a core component of PQLI.
• Life expectancy (II) is a core component of PQLI.
• Standard of living / income per capita (III) is generally *not* considered a direct component of the PQLI.

Therefore, the indicators used to calculate the PQLI among the choices given are Infant mortality rate and Life expectancy at age one.

Conclusion on PQLI Indicators

The statements that correctly identify indicators used in the PQLI calculation are I and II.