Which of the following are a part of the ‘basic features’ of the Constitution of India as drawn from various decisions of the Supreme Court? 1. Effective access to justice 2. Rule of Law 3. Limitations upon the amending power under Article 368 Select the correct answer using the code given below.
1, 2 and 3
The Supreme Court has, through a series of decisions beginning with Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), identified certain elements of the Constitution as part of its unamendable 'basic structure'.
Effective access to justice was recognised as a basic feature in later rulings, since without it the fundamental and other rights guaranteed by the Constitution would become meaningless in practice.
Rule of Law was declared a basic feature in Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain (1975), where a constitutional amendment placing the Prime Minister's election beyond judicial scrutiny was struck down for violating this principle.
The limitations placed upon Parliament's amending power under Article 368 were themselves held to be part of the basic structure in Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980), which struck down clauses attempting to give Parliament unlimited amending power and to remove judicial review of amendments.
Since all three items — effective access to justice, rule of law, and limitations upon the amending power under Article 368 — have been recognised by the Supreme Court as basic features, the correct code is 1, 2 and 3.
Important Questions from Salient Features of the Constitution
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In context to Constitution of India which statement is correct?
