Explanation
The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is the first Indian launch vehicle to be entirely manufactured by the private sector through a consortium. This transition marks a significant milestone in India's space reforms initiated in 2020.
- A consortium consisting of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and Larsen & Toubro (L&T) was awarded the contract by NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) to produce five PSLV rockets. This was the first time an entire launch vehicle was outsourced to domestic industry.
- The mission set for 2025 involving the Oceansat series (specifically EOS-06/Oceansat-3 follow-on missions) is designed to be executed using these privately manufactured rockets. Oceansat satellites are intended for oceanographic studies and are typically placed in a Sun-Synchronous Polar Orbit at an altitude of about 720 km.
- The PSLV is famously known as the "Workhorse of ISRO" due to its high success rate and versatility. It has four stages, using a combination of solid and liquid propellants.
The shift to private manufacturing allows ISRO to focus more on Research and Development (R&D) and deep-space exploration missions, while the commercial arm handles routine satellite launches.
Additional Information
Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3):
- Formerly known as GSLV Mk-III, it is India’s heaviest launch vehicle. It is a three-stage vehicle with two solid strap-on motors, a liquid core stage, and a cryogenic upper stage.
- It is capable of carrying up to 4,000 kg to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) and 8,000 kg to Low Earth Orbit (LEO). It was recently used for the Chandrayaan-3 mission and OneWeb satellite launches.
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV):
- This vehicle is specifically designed to place communication satellites into Geosynchronous orbits. It features the Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS).
- It has a lift-off mass of approximately 414 tonnes and is essential for India's INSAT and GSAT series of satellites.
Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV):
- The SSLV is a three-stage all-solid vehicle designed to cater to the "launch-on-demand" market for mini, micro, and nano satellites (up to 500 kg).
- It offers a low-cost, rapid turnaround time and requires minimal launch infrastructure compared to larger rockets.
Oceansat Satellite Series:
- The Oceansat satellites carry instruments like the Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) and Scatterometer.
- These tools provide crucial data on chlorophyll concentration, phytoplankton blooms, and oceanic surface wind vectors, which are used for fishery forecasting and weather monitoring.