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Question

Which launch vehicle was announced in 2025 as having been built entirely by the private sector for the first time in India and was set to place the Oceansat satellite into orbit?

The correct answer is
Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)

Explanation 
The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is the first Indian launch vehicle to be entirely manufactured by the private sector through a consortium. This transition marks a significant milestone in India's space reforms initiated in 2020.

  • A consortium consisting of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and Larsen & Toubro (L&T) was awarded the contract by NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) to produce five PSLV rockets. This was the first time an entire launch vehicle was outsourced to domestic industry.
  • The mission set for 2025 involving the Oceansat series (specifically EOS-06/Oceansat-3 follow-on missions) is designed to be executed using these privately manufactured rockets. Oceansat satellites are intended for oceanographic studies and are typically placed in a Sun-Synchronous Polar Orbit at an altitude of about 720 km.
  • The PSLV is famously known as the "Workhorse of ISRO" due to its high success rate and versatility. It has four stages, using a combination of solid and liquid propellants.

The shift to private manufacturing allows ISRO to focus more on Research and Development (R&D) and deep-space exploration missions, while the commercial arm handles routine satellite launches.
Additional Information

Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3):

  • Formerly known as GSLV Mk-III, it is India’s heaviest launch vehicle. It is a three-stage vehicle with two solid strap-on motors, a liquid core stage, and a cryogenic upper stage.
  • It is capable of carrying up to 4,000 kg to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) and 8,000 kg to Low Earth Orbit (LEO). It was recently used for the Chandrayaan-3 mission and OneWeb satellite launches.

Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV):

  • This vehicle is specifically designed to place communication satellites into Geosynchronous orbits. It features the Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS).
  • It has a lift-off mass of approximately 414 tonnes and is essential for India's INSAT and GSAT series of satellites.

Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV):

  • The SSLV is a three-stage all-solid vehicle designed to cater to the "launch-on-demand" market for mini, micro, and nano satellites (up to 500 kg).
  • It offers a low-cost, rapid turnaround time and requires minimal launch infrastructure compared to larger rockets.

Oceansat Satellite Series:

  • The Oceansat satellites carry instruments like the Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) and Scatterometer.
  • These tools provide crucial data on chlorophyll concentration, phytoplankton blooms, and oceanic surface wind vectors, which are used for fishery forecasting and weather monitoring.
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