1) Energy can be created and destroyed
2) Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed
3) Cells are capable of energy transduction
4) Cells are not capable of energy transduction
Understanding the First Law of Thermodynamics and Cell Energy
This question requires an understanding of the first law of thermodynamics and its application to biological processes within cells, specifically concerning energy conversion.
The First Law of Thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics is a fundamental principle stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only altered or transferred. This is also known as the law of conservation of energy.
In essence:
- The total energy in an isolated system remains constant.
- Energy can change forms (e.g., chemical to mechanical, light to chemical), but the total amount of energy never changes.
The law can be represented by the equation $\Delta U = q + w$, where $\Delta U$ is the change in internal energy of a system, $q$ is the heat energy added to the system, and $w$ is the work done on the system. This equation highlights that energy is accounted for, either as heat or work.
Evaluating the Statements
Let's analyze each statement provided:
Statement 1: Energy can be created and destroyed
This statement is incorrect as it directly violates the first law of thermodynamics, which asserts the conservation of energy.
Statement 2: Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed
This statement correctly explains the principle of conservation of energy, which is the core concept of the first law of thermodynamics.
Statement 3: Cells are capable of energy transduction
Energy transduction is the process of converting energy from one form to another. Cells perform this continuously. Examples include:
- Photosynthesis: Converting light energy into chemical energy.
- Cellular Respiration: Converting chemical energy from nutrients into ATP.
- Muscle Contraction: Converting chemical energy (ATP) into mechanical work.
Therefore, cells are indeed capable of energy transduction.
Statement 4: Cells are not capable of energy transduction
This statement is incorrect because, as detailed above, energy transduction is a fundamental and essential process for all living cells.
Identifying Correct Statements
Based on the analysis:
- Statement 1 is incorrect.
- Statement 2 is correct.
- Statement 3 is correct.
- Statement 4 is incorrect.
Thus, the correct statements are 2 and 3.
Important Questions from Miscellaneous
A stone is thrown horizontally from the top of a 20 m high building with a speed of 12 m/s. It hits the ground at a distance R from the building. Taking g = 10 m/s2 and neglecting air resistance will give :
A mass is attached to a spring that hangs vertically. The extension produced in the spring is 6 cm on Earth. The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Moon is one-sixth of its value on the surface of the Earth. The extension of the spring on the Moon would be:
Directions: Each item in this section consists of a sentence with an underlined word followed by four words (a), (b), (c), and (d). Select the option that is opposite in meaning to the underlined word and mark your response in your Answer Sheet accordingly.
The deluge affected the population.The major source of vitamins and minerals for vegetarians is
Which of the following statements about the Deccan Riots Commission is/are correct?
1. The Commission did not hold enquiries in the districts which were not affected.
2. The Commission did record the statements of ryots, sahukars and eye-witnesses.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
