The question asks to identify the research approach based on the assumption that social phenomena can be explained by observing cause and effect.

Research Approach Based on Cause and Effect

The core idea is explaining social phenomena by identifying relationships between causes and their resulting effects. Let's examine the options:

• Positivism: This approach assumes that the social world is similar to the natural world and can be studied using scientific methods. It emphasizes objective observation, measurement, and the identification of cause-and-effect relationships.
• Interpretivism: This approach focuses on understanding the subjective meanings people attach to their social world. It explores how individuals interpret their experiences rather than focusing on objective cause-and-effect.
• Hermeneutics: Primarily concerned with the theory and practice of interpretation, especially of texts. It delves into understanding meaning within a specific context, not typically focused on empirical cause-and-effect in the positivist sense.
• Subjectivism: Emphasizes the importance of individual consciousness and subjective experience as the basis for understanding reality. It prioritizes personal perspectives over objective, observable cause-and-effect.

Identifying the Correct Approach

Based on the definitions, the research approach that directly aligns with explaining social phenomena by observing cause and effect is Positivism. It seeks to establish empirical laws governing social life through objective observation.

Conclusion

Positivism is founded on the principle of identifying causal relationships between observable social facts.