Mitral Valvuloplasty Criteria: Identifying Exclusions
Mitral valvuloplasty is a procedure designed to treat mitral stenosis by widening the narrowed mitral valve, commonly using a balloon catheter. The suitability of a patient for this procedure depends on several specific criteria related to symptoms, valve condition, and the absence of contraindications.
Indications for Mitral Valvuloplasty
The procedure is generally considered appropriate for patients who:
- Experience significant symptoms directly related to mitral stenosis.
- Have isolated mitral stenosis, meaning the mitral valve area is significantly reduced (e.g., < 1.5 cm2) without the presence of moderate-to-severe mitral regurgitation (leakage).
- Possess a valve morphology that is suitable for balloon dilation. This typically involves leaflets that are relatively pliable, mobile, and non-calcified, with minimal scarring or thickening in the structures below the valve. Echocardiography is used to assess these features, often using scoring systems like the Wilkin's score.
Exclusion Criteria for Mitral Valvuloplasty
Certain conditions make mitral valvuloplasty unsuitable or too risky:
- Left atrial thrombus: The presence of a blood clot within the left atrium is a critical contraindication because the procedure could dislodge the clot, leading to a stroke or other embolism.
- Moderate to severe mitral regurgitation.
- Extensive calcification or severe immobility of the valve leaflets.
- Complex subvalvular apparatus disease.
- Conditions requiring open-heart surgery for other reasons.
Analysis of Provided Options
Let's assess the options based on these criteria:
- Significant symptoms: This is typically an indication for intervention, not an exclusion.
- Isolated mitral stenosis: This is a fundamental requirement for considering valvuloplasty.
- Mobile non-calcified valve: This describes favorable valve anatomy, making the patient a good candidate.
- Left atrial thrombus: This condition poses a significant risk of stroke and therefore serves as an exclusion criterion for the procedure.
The presence of a left atrial thrombus is the exception among the criteria for performing a mitral valvuloplasty.
Important Questions from Heart Failure
High output cardiac failure is caused by which of the following diseases ?
1. Beri-beri
2. Severe anaemia
3. Thyrotoxicosis
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
- Kussmaul's sign is present in all of the following conditions, EXCEPT:
- Which of the following electro-cardio-graphic findings are manifestations of digitalis intoxication?
1. Ventricular bigeminy
2. Ventricular tachycardia
3. Atrial flutter
4. Atrial tachycardia with variable block
Select the correct answer using the code given below: - A 35-year-old labourer worker consulted a local medical practitioner for recurrent attack of chest pain. His elder brother had similar complaint and died at the age of 40 years. The labourer worker was advised to take sublingual nitroglycerin at the time of chest pain. But after taking nitroglycerin, the chest pain increased in intensity. Which one of the following is most likely ?
- The treatment of choice for a 32 year old male patient of severe mitral stenosis (Rheumatic) with thickened and calcified valves on echocardiography is:
