Suresh was bitten by a poisonous snake and was immediately treated with anti-venom human immunoglobulin and was saved. A year later he was bitten by the same type of snake second time. Predict his response to the venom from second bite from the following:
He will be equally sensitive as first encounter because there would be no recall of the first encounter.
Snake Bite Immune Response Explained
This question asks us to predict Suresh's response to a second snake bite after receiving anti-venom for the first bite. To understand this, we need to consider how the immune system works and the difference between passive and active immunity.
Understanding Passive vs. Active Immunity
- Passive Immunity: This type of immunity is acquired when pre-formed antibodies are transferred to a person. In this case, Suresh received anti-venom, which contains antibodies made by another organism (often animals) against the snake venom. Passive immunity provides immediate protection because the antibodies are ready to neutralize the toxin. However, the recipient's immune system does not produce these antibodies itself, and crucially, it does not develop immunological memory. The transferred antibodies are eventually cleared from the body, and the protection is temporary.
- Active Immunity: This type of immunity develops when a person's own immune system is exposed to an antigen (like a pathogen or toxin) and responds by producing antibodies and specialized immune cells, including memory cells. Active immunity takes time to develop but provides long-lasting protection and a faster, stronger response upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen (this is called immunological memory or recall response). Vaccinations are a classic example of inducing active immunity.
Suresh's First Encounter
When Suresh was bitten by the poisonous snake the first time, he received anti-venom. This treatment provided passive immunity. The antibodies in the anti-venom neutralized the snake venom, saving his life. However, this process did not stimulate Suresh's own immune system to recognize the snake venom as an antigen or to produce its own antibodies or memory cells against it.
Suresh's Second Encounter
A year later, Suresh was bitten by the same type of snake again. Since the anti-venom from the first encounter provided only temporary, passive immunity and did not create immunological memory, his immune system does not have any pre-existing protection or memory cells specific to the snake venom. His body's response to the venom will therefore be like the very first time he encountered it.
Evaluating the Options
- Option 1 suggests he developed adaptive immunity. This is incorrect because the anti-venom provided passive immunity, not active adaptive immunity involving his own system's response and memory formation.
- Option 2 states he will be equally sensitive because there is no recall of the first encounter. This aligns with the understanding that passive immunity does not create memory, so his immune system treats the second bite like a new, first-time exposure to the venom.
- Option 3 suggests residual cells or antibodies provide protection. Residual anti-venom antibodies would likely be gone after a year. Memory cells were not formed during the passive immunity treatment.
- Option 4 claims memory cells were made and he will be more sensitive. Memory cells lead to protection, not increased sensitivity, and importantly, memory cells were not formed from the anti-venom treatment.
Therefore, based on the nature of passive immunity provided by anti-venom, Suresh's immune system will not have a recall response to the second snake bite. He will be equally vulnerable and sensitive as he was during the first encounter.
Important Questions from Immune System
Bacterial infections are generally divided into two broad classes: intracellular and extracellular bacterial infections. Given below are some of the properties which are applicable for bacterial infections.
A. Humoral immune response is the main protective response against extracellular bacteria.
B. Innate immunity is not effective against intracellular bacterial pathogens.
C. Bacterial endotoxins do not induce an innate immune response.
D. Intracellular bacterial infections generally induce a cell-mediated immune response resulting in secretion of cytokines which activate macrophages.
Which one of the following combination of statements is correct?
The immunoglobulin heavy-chain that is rearranged first and is displayed on the surface of early stages of B-cell development is associated with:
Dr. Ralph M. Steinman was awarded Nobel Prize for his discovery on:
Which one of the following systems forms a chemical mediator that is involved in the mechanism of pain during inflammation?
An antigen was injected into a mouse. Macrophages and antigen primed TH cells were isolated from this mouse to perform the following in vitro experiments:
A. Macrophages were treated with the antigen for an hour and then incubated with TH cells.
B. Macrophages were treated with paraformaldehyde first and then treated with the antigen for an hour. These macrophages were then incubated with T H cells.
C. Macrophages were treated with paraformaldehyde first then treated with the digested (proteolytically cleaved) antigen for an hour. These macrophages were then incubated with T H cells.
D. Macrophages were treated with the antigen for an hour and then treated with paraformaldehyde. These macrophages were then incubated with TH cells.
Which of the above experiments would lead to TH cells proliferation?
