Select the option that expresses the given sentence in passive voice. She has written many books.
Many books have been written by her.
Understanding Active and Passive Voice Conversion
This question asks us to convert a sentence from active voice to passive voice. The original sentence is "She has written many books."
What is Active and Passive Voice?
- Active Voice: In active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action. The structure is typically: Subject + Verb + Object.
- Example: She (Subject) has written (Verb) many books (Object).
- Passive Voice: In passive voice, the subject of the sentence receives the action. The structure is typically: Object + Be verb + Past Participle (V3) + by + Subject (optional).
- Example: Many books (Subject/Object in active) have been written (Be verb + V3) by her (by + Subject in active).
Converting Present Perfect Tense to Passive Voice
The original sentence "She has written many books" is in the present perfect tense (Subject + has/have + V3 + Object).
To convert a sentence in the present perfect tense from active to passive voice, we follow this structure:
\(\text{Object} + \text{has/have} + \text{been} + \text{V3 (Past Participle)} + \text{by} + \text{Subject}\)
Step-by-Step Conversion
- Identify the Subject, Verb, and Object in the Active Sentence:
- Subject: She
- Verb: has written (present perfect)
- Object: many books
- Move the Object to the Subject Position in the Passive Sentence:
- The new subject is "Many books".
- Choose the Correct Form of "has/have":
- Since the new subject "Many books" is plural, we use "have".
- Add "been" after "has/have":
- This is required for the present perfect passive structure.
- Use the Past Participle (V3) of the Verb:
- The V3 of "write" is "written".
- Add "by" followed by the original Subject (in object form):
- The object form of "She" is "her". So we add "by her".
Combining these steps, the passive voice sentence is: "Many books have been written by her."
Analyzing the Options
Let's look at the given options based on our conversion:
| Option | Sentence | Analysis |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Many books were writing her. | Incorrect tense (Past Continuous Active) and meaning. |
| 2 | Many books were being written by her. | Incorrect tense (Past Continuous Passive). |
| 3 | Many book have written her. | Incorrect subject-verb agreement ("book" instead of "books") and incorrect structure/meaning (Active Voice with the wrong subject). |
| 4 | Many books have been written by her. | Correct tense (Present Perfect Passive) and structure matching our derived sentence. |
Based on the analysis, Option 4 correctly expresses the original sentence in the passive voice.
Revision Table: Active vs. Passive Voice Structures
| Tense | Active Voice Structure | Passive Voice Structure |
|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | Subject + V1/V1-s/es + Object | Object + is/am/are + V3 + by + Subject |
| Simple Past | Subject + V2 + Object | Object + was/were + V3 + by + Subject |
| Simple Future | Subject + will + V1 + Object | Object + will + be + V3 + by + Subject |
| Present Continuous | Subject + is/am/are + V1-ing + Object | Object + is/am/are + being + V3 + by + Subject |
| Past Continuous | Subject + was/were + V1-ing + Object | Object + was/were + being + V3 + by + Subject |
| Future Continuous | Subject + will + be + V1-ing + Object | No common passive form |
| Present Perfect | Subject + has/have + V3 + Object | Object + has/have + been + V3 + by + Subject |
| Past Perfect | Subject + had + V3 + Object | Object + had + been + V3 + by + Subject |
| Future Perfect | Subject + will + have + V3 + Object | Object + will + have + been + V3 + by + Subject |
| Modals | Subject + Modal + V1 + Object | Object + Modal + be + V3 + by + Subject |
| Modal Perfect | Subject + Modal + have + V3 + Object | Object + Modal + have + been + V3 + by + Subject |
Additional Information on Voice in English Grammar
Understanding active and passive voice is important for varying sentence structure and emphasizing different parts of a sentence.
- When to use Passive Voice:
- When the doer of the action is unknown or unimportant.
- When you want to emphasize the action itself or the recipient of the action rather than the doer.
- In scientific or technical writing, to maintain objectivity.
- Agents in Passive Voice: The "by + Subject" part (called the agent) is often omitted in passive sentences if the doer is obvious, unknown, or irrelevant. For example, "Many books have been written."
- Voice in Different Tenses: As shown in the table, the structure of the passive voice changes depending on the tense of the original active sentence. The 'be' verb and the auxiliary verbs (like has/have, had, will, modals) are key to forming the correct passive structure for each tense.
Important Questions from Miscellaneous
A stone is thrown horizontally from the top of a 20 m high building with a speed of 12 m/s. It hits the ground at a distance R from the building. Taking g = 10 m/s2 and neglecting air resistance will give :
A sphere of volume V is made of a material with lower density than water. While on Earth, it floats on water with its volume f1V (f1 < 1) submerged. On the other hand, on a spaceship accelerating with acceleration a < g (g is the acceleration due to gravity on Earth) in outer space, its submerged volume in water is f2V. Then:
A railway wagon (open at the top) of mass M1 is moving with speed v1 along a straight track. As a result of rain, after some time it gets partially filled with water so that the mass of the wagon becomes M2 and speed becomes v2. Taking the rain to be falling vertically and the water stationery inside the wagon, the relation between the two speeds v1 and v2 is :
Consider the following statements:
1. Distance between the longitudes becomes zero on North Pole and South Pole.
2. Distance between the longitudes is maximum on the Equator.
3. Number of longitudes is more than number of latitudes.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
One block of 2⋅0 kg mass is placed on top of another block of 3⋅0 kg mass. The coefficient of static friction between the two blocks is 0⋅2. The bottom block is pulled with a horizontal force F such that both the blocks move together without slipping. Taking acceleration due to gravity as 10 m/s2, the maximum value of the frictional force is :
