1. Tobacco smoking
2. Recurrent infection
3. Coal dust exposure
4. High socio-economic status
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Identifying COPD Risk Factors
The question asks to identify the risk factors associated with the development of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).
Analyzing the Risk Factors
- 1. Tobacco smoking: This is the leading cause of COPD worldwide. Exposure to tobacco smoke damages the lungs and airways, leading to inflammation and airflow obstruction.
- 2. Recurrent infection: Frequent respiratory infections, especially in childhood, can damage developing lungs and increase susceptibility to COPD later in life. These infections can worsen lung function over time.
- 3. Coal dust exposure: Occupational exposure to dusts, such as coal (leading to Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis or "black lung disease") and silica, is a significant risk factor for COPD and other chronic lung diseases.
- 4. High socio-economic status: This is generally associated with better living conditions, nutrition, and access to healthcare, which are protective factors against diseases like COPD. It is not considered a risk factor.
Determining the Correct Combination
Based on the analysis, risk factors for COPD include tobacco smoking (1), recurrent infection (2), and coal dust exposure (3). High socio-economic status (4) is not a risk factor.
Therefore, the correct option includes statements 1, 2, and 3.
Correct Option: 1, 2 and 3
Important Questions from COPD
- The distance walked in 6 minutes is an indirect measure of which of the following variables of the 'BODE Index' which is used to assess the prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
- The most common cause of chronic type II respiratory failure is:
- Which of the following are categorised under obstructive lung disease ?
1. Bronchial asthma
2. Bronchiectasis
3. Bronchiolitis
4. Pulmonary sarcoidosis
Select the correct answer using the code given below: - A 65-year-old male smoker has been diagnosed with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). On pulmonary function testing, the $FEV_1/FVC < 0.7$ and $FEV_1 = 42\%$ of predicted. The severity of airflow obstruction in this patient as per GOLD criteria is :
Which of the following are the physiological abnormalities in chronic obstructive lung disease?
1. Reduced total lung capacity(TLC)
2. Increased functional residual capacity
3. Increased residual volume(RV)
4. Increased RV/TLC ratio
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
