Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow Research has established that the learning of motor skills is specific. This applies also to perceptual-motor movement since perception is involved in all voluntary movement except reflex action. Visual perception is very important in motor learning but information can be received through the channels of sound, touch, smell, taste and awareness of body position. In complex motor activity, the senses are used in an integrated manner. In the game of basketball, for instance, players use vision to shoot a basket, sound to hear the referees touch to feel the ball and kinesthetic sense to recognise their body position in relation to other players and the basket. Effective control of the visual system depends on Visual acuity - the ability to see the objects clearly; Perceptual constancy - the ability to determine the difference if any, in size, shape and colour of the object; Depth perception - the ability to have awareness of the distance between objects; visual tracking - the ability to perceive a moving object. Auditory, similar to visual perception consists of subskills and there is Awareness - ability to indicate that there is a sound or not; Discrimination - ability to discriminate between different tones and frequencies of sounds; Direction - the ability to determine the direction from which sound is coming and Figure-ground the ability to distinguish a specific sound from other noises occurring at the same time. In the kinesthetic system instead of using an eye or ear to receive information the kinesthetic system utilizes proprioceptors located in joints. Three skills closely related to kinesthetic perception are Balance the ability of the individual to position the body in response to gravity; Body awareness refers to an understanding of the body in space and laterality - the ability to distinguish between the two sides (left and right) of the body.
Perception is involved in all voluntary movement. Identify various sensory inputs that are related to perception A. Vision B. Auditory C. Kinesthetic D. Reflex Action E. Tactile Choose the correct answer from the options given below
A, B, C and E only
Understanding Perception and Sensory Inputs in Voluntary Movement
The passage discusses the role of perception in motor skill learning and voluntary movement. It highlights that perception is involved in all voluntary movements, with the specific exception of reflex action. The passage identifies various sensory channels through which information is received, which are essential for perception in complex motor activities.
According to the passage, the following sensory inputs are related to perception and used in voluntary movement:
- Visual perception: Described as very important, involving abilities like visual acuity, perceptual constancy, depth perception, and visual tracking.
- Auditory perception: Involves subskills like awareness, discrimination, direction, and figure-ground abilities, based on receiving information through sound.
- Tactile perception: While not explicitly named 'Tactile', the passage mentions 'touch to feel the ball' in the basketball example, indicating touch as a sensory input related to perception. This is commonly referred to as tactile perception.
- Kinesthetic perception: Relates to the awareness of body position, utilizing proprioceptors in joints. Skills include balance, body awareness, and laterality.
The passage explicitly states that perception is involved in all voluntary movement except reflex action. Therefore, reflex action is presented as an exception where perception is *not* involved, rather than a sensory input related to perception in voluntary movement.
Analyzing the Options
Let's evaluate each item provided in the options based on the passage:
| Option Item | Based on Passage | Included in Perception for Voluntary Movement? |
|---|---|---|
| A. Vision | Mentioned as very important in motor learning. | Yes |
| B. Auditory | Mentioned as information received through sound. | Yes |
| C. Kinesthetic | Mentioned as awareness of body position, utilizing proprioceptors. | Yes |
| D. Reflex Action | Mentioned as an exception where perception is NOT involved. | No |
| E. Tactile (Touch) | Mentioned as information received through touch. | Yes |
Based on this analysis, the sensory inputs related to perception in voluntary movement, as described in the passage, are Vision (A), Auditory (B), Kinesthetic (C), and Tactile (E). Reflex Action (D) is excluded.
We are looking for the option that includes A, B, C, and E, while excluding D.
- Option 1: A, C, D and E only (Includes D, Excludes B - Incorrect)
- Option 2: A, B, C and E only (Includes A, B, C, E, Excludes D - Correct)
- Option 3: B, C, D and E only (Includes D, Excludes A - Incorrect)
- Option 4: A, B, C and D only (Includes D, Excludes E - Incorrect)
Therefore, the correct combination of sensory inputs related to perception in voluntary movement, according to the passage, is A, B, C, and E.
Revision Table: Sensory Inputs & Perception
| Sensory System | Input Type | Role in Perception (Voluntary Movement) |
|---|---|---|
| Visual | Light/Sight | Seeing objects clearly, tracking movement, judging distance. |
| Auditory | Sound | Hearing cues, discriminating sounds, determining direction. |
| Kinesthetic | Body Position/Movement | Awareness of body in space, balance, understanding body sides. |
| Tactile | Touch/Pressure | Feeling objects, textures, pressure. |
| Reflex Action | Stimulus-Response Arc | Exception; Perception NOT involved. |
Additional Information on Perception and Motor Skills
Perception is the process of interpreting sensory information to understand the environment and one's own body. In the context of motor skills, this involves taking in information from various senses and using it to plan, execute, and adjust movements.
Different motor skills rely on varying degrees of specific sensory inputs. For example:
- A gymnast performing on a balance beam relies heavily on visual and kinesthetic perception for balance and spatial orientation.
- A musician playing an instrument uses auditory perception to adjust pitch and rhythm, visual perception to read music, and tactile and kinesthetic perception to feel the instrument and control movements.
- A swimmer relies on kinesthetic perception for body position and movement efficiency, auditory perception (like starting signals), and visual perception (like seeing the wall).
Effective motor learning often involves training the perceptual systems to become more attuned to relevant information in the environment and from the body itself.
Important Questions from Miscellaneous
A stone is thrown horizontally from the top of a 20 m high building with a speed of 12 m/s. It hits the ground at a distance R from the building. Taking g = 10 m/s2 and neglecting air resistance will give :
A sphere of volume V is made of a material with lower density than water. While on Earth, it floats on water with its volume f1V (f1 < 1) submerged. On the other hand, on a spaceship accelerating with acceleration a < g (g is the acceleration due to gravity on Earth) in outer space, its submerged volume in water is f2V. Then:
A railway wagon (open at the top) of mass M1 is moving with speed v1 along a straight track. As a result of rain, after some time it gets partially filled with water so that the mass of the wagon becomes M2 and speed becomes v2. Taking the rain to be falling vertically and the water stationery inside the wagon, the relation between the two speeds v1 and v2 is :
Consider the following statements:
1. Distance between the longitudes becomes zero on North Pole and South Pole.
2. Distance between the longitudes is maximum on the Equator.
3. Number of longitudes is more than number of latitudes.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
One block of 2⋅0 kg mass is placed on top of another block of 3⋅0 kg mass. The coefficient of static friction between the two blocks is 0⋅2. The bottom block is pulled with a horizontal force F such that both the blocks move together without slipping. Taking acceleration due to gravity as 10 m/s2, the maximum value of the frictional force is :
