A passage is given with 5 questions following it. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives. All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances ... -William Shakespeare, As You Like It, The Philosophy of Rhetoric (1937) by rhetorician I. A. Richards describes a metaphor a shaving two parts: the tenor and the vehicle. The tenor is the subject to which attributes are ascribed. The vehicle is the object whose attributes are borrowed. In the previous example, "the world" is compared to a stage, describing it with the attributes of "the stage"; "the world" is the tenor, and "a stage" is the vehicle; "men and women" is the secondary tenor, and "players" is the secondary vehicle. Psychologist Julian Jaynes coined the terms ‘metaphrand’ and ‘metaphier’, plus two new concepts, ‘paraphrand’ and ‘paraphier’. ‘Metaphrand’ is equivalent to the metaphor-theory terms ‘tenor’, ‘target’, and ‘ground’. ‘Metaphier’ is equivalent to the metaphor-theory terms ‘vehicle’, ‘figure’, and ‘source’. In a simple metaphor, an obvious attribute of the metaphier exactly characterizes the metaphrand (e.g. the ship plowed the seas). With an inexact metaphor, however, a metaphier might have associated attributes or nuances – its paraphiers – that enrich the metaphor because they “project back” to the metaphrand, potentially creating new ideas – the paraphrands – associated thereafter with the metaphrand or even leading to a new metaphor. For example, in the metaphor "Pat is a tornado”, the metaphrand is "Pat”, the metaphier is "tornado". As metaphier, "tornado" carries paraphiers such as power, storm and wind, counter clockwise motion, and danger, threat, destruction, etc. The metaphoric meaning of “tornado” is inexact: one might understand that ‘Pat is powerfully destructive’ through the paraphrand of physical and emotional destruction; another person might understand the metaphor as ‘Pat can spin out of control’. In the latter case, the paraphier of ‘spinning motion’ has become the paraphrand ‘psychological spin’, suggesting an entirely new metaphor for emotional unpredictability, a possibly apt description for a human being hardly applicable to a tornado. Based on his analysis, Jaynes claims that metaphors not only enhance description, but "increase enormously our powers of perception...and our understanding, and literally create new objects”.
Metaphrand and metaphier are equivalent to_____________.
Target and source
Understanding Metaphor Terms: Metaphrand and Metaphier
The passage discusses different theories related to metaphors. It introduces terms used by I.A. Richards (tenor and vehicle) and Julian Jaynes (metaphrand, metaphier, paraphrand, and paraphier).
The question asks what 'metaphrand' and 'metaphier' are equivalent to, based on the information provided in the passage.
Definitions from the Passage
According to the passage, Julian Jaynes coined the terms ‘metaphrand’ and ‘metaphier’.
- The passage states that ‘Metaphrand’ is equivalent to the metaphor-theory terms ‘tenor’, ‘target’, and ‘ground’.
- The passage states that ‘Metaphier’ is equivalent to the metaphor-theory terms ‘vehicle’, ‘figure’, and ‘source’.
Analyzing the Options
Let's look at the options given and compare them with the definitions provided in the passage:
- Meaning and relation: The passage does not state that metaphrand and metaphier are equivalent to 'meaning' and 'relation'.
- Cause and effect: The passage does not mention 'cause' and 'effect' in relation to these terms.
- Target and source: The passage explicitly states that 'Metaphrand' is equivalent to 'target' and 'Metaphier' is equivalent to 'source'. This aligns perfectly with this option.
- Relation and co-relation: The passage does not use these terms as equivalents for metaphrand and metaphier.
Conclusion
Based on the direct information from the passage, the term 'metaphrand' is equivalent to 'target', and the term 'metaphier' is equivalent to 'source'. Therefore, 'Metaphrand and metaphier' are equivalent to 'Target and source'.
Revision Table: Metaphor Term Equivalents
| Julian Jaynes' Term | Equivalent Terms (Metaphor Theory) |
|---|---|
| Metaphrand | Tenor, Target, Ground |
| Metaphier | Vehicle, Figure, Source |
Additional Information: Deep Dive into Jaynes' Terms
Julian Jaynes' terms provide a way to analyze how metaphors work. Let's understand the core concepts:
- Metaphrand: This is the primary subject or concept being described or understood through the metaphor. It's what the metaphor is about. Think of it as the 'target' of the comparison.
- Metaphier: This is the object or concept whose attributes are borrowed to describe the metaphrand. It's the 'source' of the attributes used in the comparison.
- Paraphiers: These are the associated attributes, nuances, or meanings that the metaphier brings with it. For example, in "Pat is a tornado", the metaphier "tornado" has paraphiers like "power", "destruction", "spinning", "danger".
- Paraphrands: These are the new ideas or understandings created when the paraphiers of the metaphier "project back" onto the metaphrand. These can enrich the initial meaning or even lead to entirely new interpretations. In the "Pat is a tornado" example, the paraphier "destruction" might create the paraphrand "Pat is destructive", while the paraphier "spinning" might create the paraphrand "Pat spins out of control".
Jaynes argues that this process shows how metaphors are not just descriptive tools but can actively create new meaning and understanding by generating paraphrands from paraphiers.
Important Questions from Reading Comprehension
What is the meaning of ‘intrigued’?
What are ice shelves?
What are icebergs?
When the iceberg turns upside down, it appears ________.
The use of science in its simple form has helped man to ____________
