The question asks to identify the primary outcome associated with the term 'McDonaldization'. McDonaldization, a concept popularized by sociologist George Ritzer, describes the process whereby the principles of fast-food restaurants—namely efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control through technology—are increasingly dominating various sectors of society and the wider world.

Understanding McDonaldization

George Ritzer argued that these principles, exemplified by the global success of McDonald's, are reshaping social life. This involves the standardization of services, products, and experiences, leading to environments that are predictable and efficient but potentially less authentic or diverse. Globalization plays a key role by facilitating the spread of these organizational models and cultural norms across borders.

Evaluating the Options

• Political consequence of globalisation: While globalization has significant political effects, McDonaldization specifically focuses on the social and cultural dimensions resulting from the spread of specific business principles, rather than direct political outcomes.

• Economic consequence of globalisation: McDonaldization does involve economic principles like efficiency and calculability, which are crucial for business success. However, the term's core sociological meaning extends beyond just economics to encompass the broader societal and cultural transformations driven by these principles.

• Cultural consequence of globalisation: This option accurately reflects the concept. McDonaldization signifies the adoption of standardized, predictable, and efficient models across various cultural spheres, influencing consumption patterns, social interactions, and everyday experiences worldwide. It highlights how cultural norms and practices become increasingly similar across different societies due to these globalizing forces.

• Resistance to globalisation: Resistance is a response or opposition to globalization or its effects, whereas McDonaldization is presented as a *result* or a manifestation of globalization itself, not a reaction against it.

Conclusion on McDonaldization

McDonaldization fundamentally represents a shift in societal organization and consumption patterns driven by principles originating in the fast-food industry. Its impact is most profoundly felt in the standardization of experiences and the homogenization of culture, making it primarily a cultural consequence facilitated by globalization.